{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T18:57:32Z","timestamp":1777661852429,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Major Science and Technology Special Projects of Qinghai Province","award":["2024-SF-A2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-SF-A2"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32260203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32260203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Qinghai Provincial Basic Research Program in Science and Technology","award":["2025-ZJ-957M"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-ZJ-957M"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["High Altitude Medicine &amp; Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examined the effects of chronic high-altitude hypoxic exposure on attention networks in indigenous primary school students, integrating cardiovascular indices to explore underlying physiological mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three real-world altitude groups were established: low (2,200 m), mid (3,200 m), and high (4,200 m). Cardiovascular function was assessed via systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate. Attentional performance was evaluated using the Attention Network Test (ANT), which provides measures of alerting, orienting, and executive control efficiency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cardiovascular indices followed a nonlinear pattern across altitudes, with systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate being significantly higher at mid-altitude compared to both low and high altitudes. In contrast, attention performance exhibited an opposite trend: alerting and executive control efficiency were relatively reduced at mid-altitude but were comparable between the low- and high-altitude groups. Orienting efficiency did not differ significantly across the three altitude groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings reveal a dissociation between physiological regulation and cognitive performance under chronic hypoxia. To explain these results, we propose a U-shaped model of cardiovascular adaptation, where mid-altitude represents an incomplete compensatory state, while prolonged exposure at higher altitudes leads to stabilized cardiovascular function and preserved attentional performance. This integrative framework underscores the crucial role of physiological adaptation in shaping cognitive outcomes in high-altitude environments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15578682261434918","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T11:56:45Z","timestamp":1774267005000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Chronic High-Altitude Hypoxia on Attention Networks and Cardiovascular Regulation in Indigenous High-Altitude Primary School Students"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Weigang","family":"Gong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, P.R. China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xintong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, P.R. China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, P.R. China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, P.R. China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, P.R. China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, P.R. China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education, Qinghai Minzu University, Xining, P.R. China."},{"name":"Qinghai Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Xining, P.R. China."},{"name":"Qinghai Cardio-Cerebrovascular Specialty Hospital, Qinghai High Altitude Medical Research Institute, Xining, P.R. China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4227-4600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, P.R. China."},{"name":"Qinghai Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Xining, P.R. China."},{"name":"Qinghai Cardio-Cerebrovascular Specialty Hospital, Qinghai High Altitude Medical Research Institute, Xining, P.R. China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","first-page":"502","article-title":"Effects of high-altitude residence duration on attention networks","volume":"25","author":"An X","year":"2017","unstructured":"An X, , Ma HL, , Han BX, et al. Effects of high-altitude residence duration on attention networks. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology 2017;25(3):502\u2013506, 493.","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861714","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.861714","article-title":"Advances in the role of endothelial cells in cerebral small vessel disease","volume":"13","author":"Bai T","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bai T, , Yu S, , Feng J. Advances in the role of endothelial cells in cerebral small vessel disease. Front Neurol 2022;13:861714.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00331","article-title":"Extreme environment effects on cognitive functions: A longitudinal study in high altitude in Antarctica","volume":"10","author":"Barkaszi I","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barkaszi I, , Tak\u00e1cs E, , Czigler I, et al. Extreme environment effects on cognitive functions: A longitudinal study in high altitude in Antarctica. Front Hum Neurosci 2016;10:331.","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0701985104"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","first-page":"104","article-title":"Research progress on the adaptive changes of the cardiovascular system in the plateau","volume":"37","author":"Chen J","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen J, , He SY. Research progress on the adaptive changes of the cardiovascular system in the plateau. Heart Journal 2025;37(1):104\u2013109.","journal-title":"Heart Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2012.01411.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116868"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00455979"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089892902317361886"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1100\/tsw.2002.93"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","first-page":"63","article-title":"Overview of the 10th international hypoxia and high-altitude medicine conference","volume":"3","author":"Ge RL","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ge RL. Overview of the 10th international hypoxia and high-altitude medicine conference. Journal of High Altitude Medicine 1997;3:63\u201364.","journal-title":"Journal of High Altitude Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2009.00909.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYP.0000000000000053"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001250"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2104829"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","first-page":"267","article-title":"Effects of long-term high-altitude exposure on attention networks in migrants and natives","volume":"38","author":"Ma HL","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ma HL, , Zhang XJ, , Yang ZT. Effects of long-term high-altitude exposure on attention networks in migrants and natives. Chinese J High Altitude Med Biology 2017;38(4):267\u2013272.","journal-title":"Chinese J High Altitude Med Biology"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3515","DOI":"10.12677\/AP.2023.138439","article-title":"Effects of chronic high-altitude hypoxia on human cognitive function","volume":"13","author":"Meng Y","year":"2023","unstructured":"Meng Y, , Fan HJ, , Cheng X, et al. Effects of chronic high-altitude hypoxia on human cognitive function. Advances in Psychology 2023;13(8):3515\u20133524.","journal-title":"Advances in Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.16894","article-title":"Contributions of cerebral blood flow to associations between blood pressure levels and cognition: The age, gene\/environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik study","volume":"77","author":"Moonen JE","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moonen JE, , Sabayan B, , Sigurdsson S, et al. Contributions of cerebral blood flow to associations between blood pressure levels and cognition: The age, gene\/environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik study. Hypertension 2021;77(6):2075\u20132083.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","first-page":"238","article-title":"Study on changes in daytime and nighttime sleep blood oxygen saturation among residents at different altitudes on the plateau","volume":"10","author":"Pang HX","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pang HX, , Hao LJ, , Karen MZ, et al. Study on changes in daytime and nighttime sleep blood oxygen saturation among residents at different altitudes on the plateau. World Journal of Sleep Medicine 2023;10(2):238\u2013240.","journal-title":"World Journal of Sleep Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","volume-title":"General psychology","author":"Peng DL","year":"2023","unstructured":"Peng DL. (2023). General psychology (6th ed.). Beijing Normal University Press.","edition":"6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.13.030190.000325"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2011.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1189406"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/001401300184350"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-004-8159-4"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","first-page":"607","article-title":"Correlation between hippocampal and cortical metabolic disorders and cognitive dysfunction in patients with moderate to severe OSAHS","volume":"29","author":"Wang BR","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang BR, , Xu XR, , Liang GT, et al. Correlation between hippocampal and cortical metabolic disorders and cognitive dysfunction in patients with moderate to severe OSAHS. Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology, Head, and Neck Surgery 2015;29(7):607\u2013611.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology, Head, and Neck Surgery"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-200066"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","first-page":"683","article-title":"Analysis of cognitive function levels and related factors in hypertensive patients","volume":"44","author":"Wang XL","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang XL, , Ning ZY, , Liu CW, et al. Analysis of cognitive function levels and related factors in hypertensive patients. Int J Psychiatry 2017;44(4):683\u2013685. 700.","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4443","DOI":"10.1038\/srep04443","article-title":"Long-Term exposure to high altitude affects voluntary spatial attention at early and late processing stages","volume":"4","author":"Wang Y","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang Y, , Ma H, , Fu S, et al. Long-Term exposure to high altitude affects voluntary spatial attention at early and late processing stages. Sci Rep 2014;4(1):4443.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0143-0815\/10\/3\/001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","first-page":"833","article-title":"Development history of aviation oxygen supply equipment and protective physiology","volume":"10","author":"Xiao HJ","year":"2004","unstructured":"Xiao HJ. Development history of aviation oxygen supply equipment and protective physiology. Medical Journal of the Chinese People\u2019s Liberation Army 2004;10:833\u2013835.","journal-title":"Medical Journal of the Chinese People\u2019s Liberation Army"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2010.12.003"}],"container-title":["High Altitude Medicine &amp; Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15578682261434918","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/15578682261434918","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15578682261434918","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:27:05Z","timestamp":1777447625000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/15578682261434918"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/15578682261434918"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15578682261434918","relation":{},"ISSN":["1527-0297","1557-8682"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1527-0297","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-8682","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"article-number":"15578682261434918"}}