{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T15:00:47Z","timestamp":1782399647009,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Am J Mens Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a new preventive treatment for individuals at high-risk for HIV infection, such as men who has sex with men (MSM). Studies have confirmed the efficacy but concerns about the potential induction of risk compensation remains. We aimed to assess the incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) after PrEP initiation as a proxy for sexual risk behavior.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This case-crossover study used data from medical records and from the Danish Microbiology Database from patients who initiated PrEP at the Region of Southern Denmark between 2017 and 2019. Poisson regression was used to assess STI incidence 6 months after PrEP initiation versus the 6 months before. To identify potential risk factors, we compared individuals with an increased STI incidence after PrEP initiation with those without, using logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In total, 46 MSM initiated PrEP in the study period. We found a significant increase in the number of positive samples for STI after PrEP initiation (IRR 1.83; 95% CI [1.03, 3.26]) and a tendency for higher incidence of STI episodes (1.67; 95% CI [0.91, 3.13]). The increase was concentrated to a group of users, but no significant correlation was found between increasing incidence and the baseline factors examined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>We observed a degree of risk compensation after the implementation of PrEP among MSM, clustering to a group of users. Our results highlight the importance of frequent STI screening among MSM on PrEP as timely diagnosis could contribute to an overall decrease in STI incidence and incidence among MSM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15579883211018917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]],"date-time":"2021-05-26T05:16:13Z","timestamp":1622006173000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Incidence of Sexually Transmitted Infections After Initiating HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among MSM in Southern Denmark"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Masoumeh","family":"Azarnoosh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isik Somuncu","family":"Johansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark"},{"name":"Research Unit for Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3543-1970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Martin-Iguacel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark"},{"name":"OPEN, The Open Patient Data Explorative Network, the Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-15579883211018917","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beymer M. R., DeVost M. A., Weiss R. E., Dierst-Davies R., Shover C. L., Landovitz R. J., Beniasians C., Talan A. J., Flynn R. P., Krysiak R., McLaughlin K., Bolan R. K. (2018). Does HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis use lead to a higher incidence of sexually transmitted infections? A case-crossover study of men who have sex with men in Los Angeles, California. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 94(6), 457\u2013462. http:\/\/sti.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2017-053377","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2017-053377"},{"key":"bibr2-15579883211018917","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Catherine E., Oldenburg A. S., Nunn M. M., Almonte A., Mena L., Patel R. R., Mayer K. H., Chan P. A. (2017). Behavioral changes following uptake of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis among men who have sex with men in a clinical setting. Physiology & Behavior, 176(1), 139\u2013148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.03.040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.03.040"},{"key":"bibr3-15579883211018917","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chow E. P. F., Callander D., Fairley C. K., Zhang L., Donovan B., Guy R., Lewis D. A., Hellard M., Read P., Ward A., Chen M. Y. & for the ACCESS collaboration (2017). Increased syphilis testing of men who have sex with men: Greater detection of asymptomatic early syphilis and relative reduction in secondary syphilis. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 65(3), 389\u2013395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/cix326","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix326"},{"key":"bibr4-15579883211018917","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cornelisse V. J., Chow E. P. F., Huffam S., Fairley C. K., Bissessor M., De Petra V., Howden B. P., Denham I., Bradshaw C. S., Williamson D., Chen M. Y. (2017). Increased detection of pharyngeal and rectal gonorrhea in men who have sex with men after transition from culture to nucleic acid amplification testing. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 44(2), 114\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000553","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000553"},{"key":"bibr5-15579883211018917","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dr\u00fcckler S., Van Rooijen M. S., De Vries H. J. C. (2018). Chemsex among men who have sex with men: A sexualized drug use survey among clients of the sexually transmitted infection outpatient clinic and users of a gay dating app in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 45(5), 325\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000753","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000753"},{"key":"bibr6-15579883211018917","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fonner V. A., Dalglish S. L., Kennedy C. E., Baggaley R., O\u2019Reilly K. R., Koechlin F. M., Rodolph M., Hodges-Mameletzis I., Grant R. M. (2016). Effectiveness and safety of oral HIV preexposure prophylaxis for all populations. Aids, 30(12), 1973\u20131983. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001145","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001145"},{"key":"bibr7-15579883211018917","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grant R. M., Anderson P. L., McMahan V., Liu A., Rivet Amico K., Mehrotra M., Hosek S., Mosquera C., Casapia M., Montoya O., Buchbinder S., Veloso V. G., Mayer K., Chariyalertsak S., Bekker L.G., Kallas E. G., Schechter M., Guanira J., Bushman L.\u2004.\u2004. for the iPreEx study team (2014). An observational study of preexposure prophylaxis uptake, sexual practices, and HIV incidence among men and transgender women who have sex with men. Lancet Infectious Disease, 14(9), 15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70847-3","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70847-3"},{"key":"bibr8-15579883211018917","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holt M., Lea T., Mao L., Kolstee J., Zablotska I., Duck T., Allan B., West M., Lee E., Hull P., Grulich A., De Wit J., Prestage G. (2018). Community-level changes in condom use and uptake of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis by gay and bisexual men in Melbourne and Sydney, Australia: results of repeated behavioural surveillance in 2013\u201317. The Lancet HIV, 5(8), e448\u2013e456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2352-3018(18)30072-9","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(18)30072-9"},{"key":"bibr9-15579883211018917","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holt M., Murphy D. A. (2017). Individual versus community-level risk compensation following preexposure prophylaxis of HIV. American Journal of Public Health, 107(10), 1568\u20131571. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2017.303930","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.303930"},{"key":"bibr10-15579883211018917","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoornenborg E., Coyer L., Van Laarhoven A., Achterbergh R., De Vries H., Prins M., Van Der Loeff M. S. (2018). Change in sexual risk behaviour after 6 months of pre-exposure prophylaxis use: Results from the Amsterdam pre-exposure prophylaxis demonstration project. Aids, 32(11), 1527\u20131532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001874","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001874"},{"key":"bibr11-15579883211018917","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcus J. L., Glidden D. V., Mayer K. H., Liu A. Y., Buchbinder S. P., Amico K. R., McMahan V., Kallas E. G., Montoya-Herrera O., Pilotto J., Grant R. M. (2013). No Evidence of sexual risk compensation in the iPrEx trial of daily oral HIV preexposure prophylaxis. PLoS ONE, 8(12). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0081997","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081997"},{"key":"bibr12-15579883211018917","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcus J. L., Hurley L. B., Hare C. B., Nguyen D. P., Phengrasamy T., Silverberg M. J., Stoltey J. E., Volk J. E. (2016). Preexposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention in a large integrated health care system: Adherence, renal safety, and discontinuation. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999), 73(5), 540\u2013546. http:\/\/eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/eutils\/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&id=27851714&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001129"},{"key":"bibr13-15579883211018917","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCormack S., Dunn D. T., Desai M., Dolling D. I., Gafos M., Gilson R., Sullivan A. K., Clarke A., Reeves I., Schembri G., Mackie N., Bowman C., Lacey P. C. J., Apea V., Brady M., Fox J., Taylor S., Antonucci S., Khoo S. H. Gill O. N. (2016). Pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent the acquisition of HIV-1 infection (PROUD): Effectiveness results from the pilot phase of a pragmatic open-label randomised trial. Lancet, 387(10013), 53\u201360. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00056-2","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00056-2"},{"key":"bibr14-15579883211018917","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molina J. M., Charreau I., Spire B., Cotte L., Chas J., Capitant C., Tremblay C., Rojas-Castro D., Cua E., Pasquet A., Bernaud C., Pintado C., Delaugerre C., Sagaon-Teyssier L., Le Mestre S., Chidiac C., Pialoux G., Ponscarme D., Fonsart J.\u2004.\u2004. for the ANRS IPERGAY Study Group (2017). Efficacy, safety, and effect on sexual behaviour of on-demand pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV in men who have sex with men: an observational cohort study. The Lancet HIV, 4(9), e402\u2013e410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2352-3018(17)30089-9","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(17)30089-9"},{"key":"bibr15-15579883211018917","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monta\u00f1o M. A., Dombrowski J. C., Dasgupta S., Golden M. R., Duerr A., Manhart L. E., Barbee L. A., Khosropour C. M. (2019). Changes in sexual behavior and STI diagnoses among MSM initiating PrEP in a clinic setting. AIDS and Behavior, 23(2), 548\u2013555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-018-2252-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-2252-9"},{"key":"bibr16-15579883211018917","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramchandani M. S., Golden M. R. (2019). Confronting rising STIs in the Era of PrEP and treatment as prevention. 1\u201313. papers3:\/\/publication\/doi\/10.1007\/s11904-019-00446-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-019-00446-5"},{"key":"bibr17-15579883211018917","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Traeger M. W., Cornelisse V. J., Asselin J., Price B., Roth N. J., Willcox J., Tee B. K., Fairley C. K., Chang C. C., Armishaw J., Vujovic O., Penn M., Cundill P., Forgan-Smith G., Gall J., Pickett C., Lal L., Mak A., Spelman T. D. for the PrEPX Study Team (2019). Association of HIV preexposure prophylaxis with incidence of sexually transmitted infections among individuals at high risk of HIV infection. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 321(14), 1380. http:\/\/jama.jamanetwork.com\/article.aspx?doi=10.1001\/jama.2019.2947","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.2947"},{"key":"bibr18-15579883211018917","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Traeger M. W., Schroeder S. E., Wright E. J., Hellard M. E., Cornelisse V. J., Doyle J. S., Stoov\u00e9 M. A. (2018). Effects of pre-exposure prophylaxis for the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus infection on sexual risk behavior in men who have sex with men: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 67(5), 676\u2013686. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciy182","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy182"},{"key":"bibr19-15579883211018917","first-page":"38","author":"Varghese B.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Reducing the Risk of Sexual HIV Transmission the Per-Act Risk for HIV on the Basis of Choice of Partner"},{"key":"bibr20-15579883211018917","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vitinghoff E., Douglas J., Judon F., McKiman D., MacQueen K., Buchinder S. P. (1999). Per-contact risk of human immunodeficiency virus transmission between male sexual partners. American Journal of Epidemiology, 150(3), 306\u2013311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010003","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010003"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Men's Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15579883211018917","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/15579883211018917","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15579883211018917","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:32:45Z","timestamp":1777505565000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/15579883211018917"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/15579883211018917"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15579883211018917","relation":{},"ISSN":["1557-9883","1557-9891"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1557-9883","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-9891","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"article-number":"15579883211018917"}}