{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T07:47:00Z","timestamp":1794037620976,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI136657"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI136657"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008069","name":"university of california, san francisco","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2R01AI098472"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2R01AI098472"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Am J Mens Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Web-based HIV and sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention studies are increasingly requesting gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) to return self-collected specimens for laboratory processing. Some studies have solicited self-collected extragenital swabs for gonorrhea and chlamydia testing, but to date, none have solicited self-collected hair samples for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) adherence testing. Project Caboodle! offered 100 racially\/ethnically diverse GBMSM aged 18 to 34 years residing across the United States a choice to self-collect at home and return by mail any of the following: a finger-stick blood sample (for HIV testing), a pharyngeal swab, a rectal swab and a urine specimen (for gonorrhea and chlamydia testing), and a hair sample (to visually assess its adequacy for PrEP drug level testing). Despite not incentivizing specimen return, 51% mailed back at least one type of specimen within 6 weeks (1% returned three specimens, 11% returned four specimens and 39% returned all five specimens). The majority of returned specimens were adequate for laboratory processing. Significantly more participants without a college education ( p = .0003) and those who were working full-time or part-time ( p = .0070) did not return any specimens. In addition, lower levels of HIV-related knowledge ( p = .0390), STI-related knowledge ( p = .0162), concern about contracting HIV ( p = .0484), and concern about contracting STIs ( p = .0108) were observed among participants who did not return any specimens. Self-collection of specimens holds promise as a remote monitoring strategy that could supplement testing in clinical settings, but a better understanding of why some GBMSM may choose to fully, partially, or not engage in this approach is warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15579883221115591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T06:27:21Z","timestamp":1660199241000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Study Evaluating Self-Collected Specimen Return for HIV, Bacterial STI, and Potential Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Adherence Testing Among Sexual Minority Men in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7864-5464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akshay","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"},{"name":"Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Gandhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Sallabank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leland","family":"Merrill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9239-2640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rob","family":"Stephenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"},{"name":"Department of Systems, Populations and Leadership, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-017-1951-y"},{"key":"bibr2-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-014-0733-z"},{"key":"bibr3-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004006"},{"key":"bibr4-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-016-1497-4"},{"key":"bibr5-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/SH18238"},{"key":"bibr6-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000320"},{"key":"bibr7-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000386"},{"key":"bibr8-15579883221115591","first-page":"1","volume":"58","author":"Benson C. A.","year":"2009","journal-title":"MMWR Recommendations and Reports"},{"key":"bibr9-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181c3ef29"},{"key":"bibr10-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/mhealth-20-70"},{"key":"bibr11-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2013.812072"},{"key":"bibr12-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200410210-00012"},{"key":"bibr13-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.14.2.172.23902"},{"key":"bibr14-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000067"},{"key":"bibr15-15579883221115591","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019a). HIV infection risk, prevention, and testing behaviors among men who have sex with men\u2014National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 23 U.S. cities, 2017. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/pdf\/library\/reports\/surveillance\/cdc-hiv-surveillance-special-report-number-22.pdf"},{"key":"bibr16-15579883221115591","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019b). Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2018. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/std\/stats18\/STDSurveillance2018-full-report.pdf"},{"key":"bibr17-15579883221115591","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). HIV and gay and bisexual men: HIV diagnoses. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/group\/msm\/msm-content\/diagnoses.html"},{"key":"bibr18-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(18)30288-1"},{"key":"bibr19-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz043"},{"key":"bibr20-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2012-050686"},{"key":"bibr21-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2016.07.018"},{"key":"bibr22-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104859"},{"issue":"27","key":"bibr23-15579883221115591","volume":"68","author":"Finlayson T.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"bibr24-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.2018.30.1.47"},{"key":"bibr25-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e318227713e"},{"key":"bibr26-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro794"},{"key":"bibr27-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv239"},{"key":"bibr28-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001615"},{"key":"bibr29-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0017896914549485"},{"key":"bibr30-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01019-10"},{"key":"bibr31-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-016-0043-z"},{"key":"bibr32-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-2376-y"},{"key":"bibr33-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70847-3"},{"key":"bibr34-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1011205"},{"key":"bibr35-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/publichealth.5365"},{"key":"bibr36-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13178-015-0212-y"},{"key":"bibr37-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000220"},{"key":"bibr38-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S248696"},{"key":"bibr39-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S251677"},{"key":"bibr40-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2277-0"},{"key":"bibr41-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/10847"},{"key":"bibr42-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000786"},{"key":"bibr43-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4148\/2572-1836.1069"},{"key":"bibr44-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-006-9168-5"},{"key":"bibr45-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000980"},{"key":"bibr46-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2019.1626341"},{"key":"bibr47-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02646-20"},{"key":"bibr48-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2016.0202"},{"key":"bibr49-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix755"},{"key":"bibr50-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2014.0069"},{"key":"bibr51-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132776"},{"key":"bibr52-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2014.0056"},{"key":"bibr53-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.16256"},{"key":"bibr54-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17294\/2330-0698.1737"},{"key":"bibr55-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-017-0824-y"},{"key":"bibr56-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181a9cc41"},{"key":"bibr57-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-017-1802-x"},{"key":"bibr58-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-009-9363-6"},{"key":"bibr59-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.04.026"},{"key":"bibr60-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000010"},{"key":"bibr61-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-016-1506-7"},{"key":"bibr62-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001473"},{"key":"bibr63-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2018-001349"},{"key":"bibr64-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2016.05.002"},{"key":"bibr65-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124310"},{"key":"bibr66-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.08.007"},{"key":"bibr67-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874613601206010098"},{"key":"bibr68-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12687-016-0288-y"},{"key":"bibr69-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.2012.02814.x"},{"key":"bibr70-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14737159.4.5.587"},{"key":"bibr71-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-009-9569-4"},{"key":"bibr72-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189515"},{"key":"bibr73-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001596"},{"key":"bibr74-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23259582211024770"},{"key":"bibr75-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/13647"},{"key":"bibr76-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-3-109"},{"key":"bibr77-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/publichealth.7255"},{"key":"bibr78-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-020-00502-5"},{"key":"bibr79-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00257-19"},{"key":"bibr80-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/34574"},{"key":"bibr81-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-021-03173-4"},{"key":"bibr82-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinmicnews.2017.03.004"},{"key":"bibr83-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001825"},{"key":"bibr84-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2018.1442553"},{"key":"bibr85-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186722"},{"key":"bibr86-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032915"},{"key":"bibr87-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e32833a8844"},{"key":"bibr88-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-019-00654-5"},{"key":"bibr89-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01835-z"},{"key":"bibr90-15579883221115591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-3-201302050-01002"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Men's Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15579883221115591","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/15579883221115591","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15579883221115591","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:33:09Z","timestamp":1777505589000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/15579883221115591"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/15579883221115591"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15579883221115591","relation":{},"ISSN":["1557-9883","1557-9891"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1557-9883","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-9891","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"article-number":"15579883221115591"}}