{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T02:03:54Z","timestamp":1792634634774,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Am J Mens Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The 1,000-m run is a key component of university physical fitness assessments. Effective supplementation strategies to enhance performance and recovery in this test remain underexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of caffeine (CAF) and beetroot juice (BJ) on 1,000-m performance and used SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis to identify key influencing factors. A randomized crossover design compared the effects of CAF (6\u2009mg\/kg body weight), BJ (70\u2009mL providing 6.4\u2009mmol of\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:msubsup>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">NO<\/mml:mi>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mn>3<\/mml:mn>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mo>\u2212<\/mml:mo>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                          <\/mml:msubsup>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                      <\/mml:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ), and their combination with placebo (PLA) on 1,000-m running performance. Twenty healthy male participants took part in the study. Physiological, nutritional, and behavioral data were collected during each condition. SHAP analysis of a multilayer perceptron model quantified the relative importance of various performance determinants, providing a clear assessment of their contribution to the outcome. The CAF\u2009+\u2009BJ group performed significantly better than PLA (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.01) in the first 1,000-m run and outperformed both PLA and BJ in the second run (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.01). Performance declined after recovery in BJ (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.01) and PLA (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.01) but improved in CAF\u2009+\u2009BJ (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.01). Post-exercise heart rate and blood lactate were highest in CAF\u2009+\u2009BJ and CAF, with CAF showing significantly higher lactate levels at 10, 15, and 20\u2009min post-exercise compared to CAF\u2009+\u2009BJ (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.01). SHAP analysis ranked body fat percentage\u2009&gt;\u2009weight\u2009&gt;\u2009age\u2009&gt;\u2009nighttime sleep duration\u2009&gt;\u2009nutritional strategy\u2009&gt;\u2009average vertical jump height\u2009&gt;\u2009grip strength\u2009&gt;\u2009resting heart rate\u2009&gt;\u2009time since last meal\u2009&gt;\u2009alcohol consumption\u2009&gt;\u2009height\u2009&gt;\u2009smoking frequency. This study suggests that CAF and BJ supplementation may improve 1,000-m performance. SHAP analysis introduced a novel framework for identifying key factors, offering insights for targeted interventions. Tailored dietary supplement strategies that address critical physiological and lifestyle factors are important. Combining supplementation with these approaches can further enhance performance and recovery.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15579883251327907","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T07:55:23Z","timestamp":1743062123000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Caffeine and Beetroot Juice Optimize 1,000-m Performance: Shapley Additive Explanations Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Xiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Tarim University, Alar, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Huo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhengzhou Tourism College, Henan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Tarim University, Alar, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenchao","family":"Rong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education studies, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2756-183X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Research, Fuzhou University, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armstrong N. 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