{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T08:58:04Z","timestamp":1790931484388,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Am J Mens Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding male-factor infertility (MFI) risk perception among emerging adults can inform development of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) interventions. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of sociodemographic characteristics on perceptions of substance use behaviors and bioenvironmental risks to male fertility. An online survey was administered to Ontario post-secondary students from May \u0336 October 25, 2022, assessing their perceptions of 15 MFI risk factors. Associations between sociodemographic characteristics and high-risk perceptions were first assessed by bivariate analyses, with significant characteristics treated as potential covariates, along with gender, for regression analysis. Multiple linear regression models evaluated perceptions for selected well-established risk factors: alcohol, obesity, recreational drug use, and cigarette smoking. Respondents rated most risk factors as no to slight MFI risks, with environmental chemical exposure, and untreated sexually transmitted infections perceived as moderate to high MFI risk. Racialized identity was the most common characteristic associated with high MFI risk perception in bivariate analyses, while age was negatively associated. In regression models, cis men perceived alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking as greater risks to male fertility compared with cis women. Given that our sample considered most substance use behaviors and bioenvironmental factors as no to slight risks to MFI, this may indicate lack of fertility awareness or sexual and reproductive health literacy. Interventions and related public health policy that focus on men\u2019s health and recognize the potential influences of sociodemographic characteristics on MFI risk perception are recommended for emerging young adults.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15579883261493647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T08:36:03Z","timestamp":1790757363000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Factors Associated With Male-Factor Infertility Risk Perceptions Among Young Adults in Ontario"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Bridget K.","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ottawa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nurasha G.","family":"Fernando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ottawa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6041-0197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen P.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ottawa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.2404"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13098"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-24474-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.5.469"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_1","volume-title":"Emerging Adulthood: The Winding Road from the Late Teens Through the Twenties","author":"Arnett J. J.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Arnett J. J. (2023). Emerging Adulthood: The Winding Road from the Late Teens Through the Twenties (3rd ed): Oxford University Press.","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2017.1310219"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmac037"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(94)90093-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-023-01401-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03009734.2018.1541948"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.5402"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/den168"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des402"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15579883211062024"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/der465"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-024-03705-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.06.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2019.08.35"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.70376"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-022-01328-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12910-025-01202-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2013.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743718819491"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.150847"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2012.10.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.11.046"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dew265"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.220099"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aju.2017.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/and.14574"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19010328"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/713670162"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-121019-053834"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.1994.tb00082.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.10.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/dar087"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.132782"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_42_1","volume-title":"HIV, HPV and Chlamydia trachomatis: Impacts on male fertility","author":"Goulart A. C. X.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Goulart A. C. X., Farnezi H. C. M., Fran\u00e7a J. P. B. M., Santos A. D., Ramos M. G., Penna M. L. F. (2020). HIV, HPV and Chlamydia trachomatis: Impacts on male fertility. JBRA Assisted Reproduction. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5935\/1518-0557.20200020"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hropen\/hoz014"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9020.2011.00397.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-020-00668-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmx005"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2012.10.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nup.12428"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_49_1","volume-title":"Chlamydia, gonorrhea and infectious syphilis in Canada: 2020","author":"Health Canada","year":"2023","unstructured":"Health Canada (2023). Chlamydia, gonorrhea and infectious syphilis in Canada: 2020. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/public-health\/services\/publications\/diseases-conditions\/chlamydia-gonorrhea-infectious-syphilis-canada-2020-infographic.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_50_1","unstructured":"Health Canada. (2024). Sex- and Gender-Based Analysis Plus Action Plan 2022-2026. Canada.Ca. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/corporate\/transparency\/corporate-management-reporting\/health-portfolio-sex-gender-based-analysis-action-plan.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_51_1","volume-title":"Substance use among postsecondary students in Canada: Summary. Health Infobase","author":"Health Canada","year":"2025","unstructured":"Health Canada (2025). Substance use among postsecondary students in Canada: Summary. Health Infobase. https:\/\/health-infobase.canada.ca\/substance-use\/reports\/cpads\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_7_52_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Gendered Perspectives of Men\u2019s Health and Help Seeking: Implications for Public Health and Health Promotion","volume":"1","author":"Hennessy M.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hennessy M., Mannix-McNamara P. (2014). Gendered Perspectives of Men\u2019s Health and Help Seeking: Implications for Public Health and Health Promotion. International Journal of Medical and Health Sciences Research, Conscientia Beam, 1(2), 13\u201328.","journal-title":"International Journal of Medical and Health Sciences Research, Conscientia Beam"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-020-02973-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab433"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781009205665.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-022-00676-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-021-01169-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xfnr.2021.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_59_1","article-title":"Systemic racism exists in Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility: We are part of the problem. News | Consider This","author":"Jackson-Bey T.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jackson-Bey T., Morris J., Plowden T. C. (2020). Systemic racism exists in Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility: We are part of the problem. News | Consider This. Fertility and Sterility Dialog. https:\/\/www.fertstert.org\/do-content\/systemic-racism-exists-reproductive-endocrinology-and-infertility-we-part-problem","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility Dialog"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14213"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.70080"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.03.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10807030600561832"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14647273.2024.2328066"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15579883211049027"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.15712"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-11-S3-S6"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2016.25.18.S35"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2018.11.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.11.03121"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13669-020-00298-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.220055"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11934-018-0802-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19148747"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-018-2654-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)54786-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-010-9222-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1557988318776513"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15579883231209210"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S363959"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.15673"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24095\/hpcdp.44.3.05"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/spmg.21362"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/dau083"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des011"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03404856"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10937400701873472"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/eem.09.65"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repbio.2021.100559"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/SH11090"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029315"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-19159-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18358-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/tau-24-122"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/07435584241256572"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-10-41"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jom-2021-0059"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12111582"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190632366.013.215"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12927\/hcpap.2023.27197"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.12.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17455057231158223"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_103_1","volume-title":"LGBTQ2+ communities in CANADA: A demographic snapshot","author":"Statistics Canada","year":"2021","unstructured":"Statistics Canada (2021). LGBTQ2+ communities in CANADA: A demographic snapshot. https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/11-627-m\/11-627-m2021062-eng.htm"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_104_1","volume-title":"The Canadian census: A rich portrait of the country\u2019s religious and ethnocultural diversity","author":"Statistics Canada","year":"2022","unstructured":"Statistics Canada (2022). The Canadian census: A rich portrait of the country\u2019s religious and ethnocultural diversity. https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/daily-quotidien\/221026\/dq221026b-eng.pdf?st=9jjsOJRR"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_105_1","volume-title":"Focusing on Geography Series, 2021 Census of Population","author":"Statistics Canada","year":"2023","unstructured":"Statistics Canada (2023). Focusing on Geography Series, 2021 Census of Population. https:\/\/www12.statcan.gc.ca\/census-recensement\/2021\/as-sa\/fogs-spg\/page.cfm?lang=E&topic=11&dguid=2021A000235"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2021.30.9.S8"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/25742981.2025.2486622"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(15)30412-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-021-01214-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_110_1","volume-title":"Preconception Care for Gender-Diverse Individuals. Guidance for Health Care Providers","author":"The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC)","unstructured":"The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC). (n.d.). Preconception Care for Gender-Diverse Individuals. Guidance for Health Care Providers. Retrieved. https:\/\/sogc.org\/acsc-en\/en\/content\/events\/HUB-Pages\/preconception\/preconception-care-for-gender-diverse-individuals.aspx"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13716"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/ojog.2013.37101"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-20636-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46747\/cfp.6704248"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_116_1","volume-title":"Infertility","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2024","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024). Infertility. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/infertility"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.09.019"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Men's Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15579883261493647","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/15579883261493647","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15579883261493647","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T08:46:39Z","timestamp":1790930799000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/15579883261493647"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/15579883261493647"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15579883261493647","relation":{},"ISSN":["1557-9883","1557-9891"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1557-9883","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-9891","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"article-number":"15579883261493647"}}