{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T09:26:48Z","timestamp":1780046808671,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,22]],"date-time":"2017-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1511308800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hand (New York, N,Y.)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This study aims to test the hypothesis that: (1) radiation exposure is increased with the intended use of Flat Surface Image Intensifier (FSII) units above the operative surface compared with the traditional below-table configuration; (2) this differential increases in a dose-dependent manner; and (3) radiation exposure varies with body part and proximity to the radiation source. Methods: A surgeon mannequin was seated at a radiolucent hand table, positioned for volar distal radius plating. Thermoluminescent dosimeters measured exposure to the eyes, thyroid, chest, hand, and groin, for 1- and 15-minute trials from a mini C-arm FSII unit positioned above and below the operating surface. Background radiation was measured by control dosimeters placed within the operating theater. Results: At 1-minute of exposure, hand and eye dosages were significantly greater with the flat detector positioned above the table. At 15-minutes of exposure, hand radiation dosage exceeded that of all other anatomic sites with the FSII in both positions. Hand exposure was increased in a dose-dependent manner with the flat detector in either position, whereas groin exposure saw a dose-dependent only with the flat detector beneath the operating table. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the surgeon\u2019s hands and eyes may incur greater radiation exposure compared with other body parts, during routine mini C-arm FSII utilization in its intended position above the operating table. The clinical impact of these findings remains unclear, and future long-term radiation safety investigation is warranted. Surgeons should take precautions to protect critical body parts, particularly when using FSII technology above the operating with prolonged exposure time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1558944717743600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,23]],"date-time":"2017-11-23T02:37:16Z","timestamp":1511404636000},"page":"565-569","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Elevated Radiation Exposure Associated With Above Surface Flat Detector Mini C-Arm Use"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Dennis P.","family":"Martin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Rothman Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talia","family":"Chapman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Rothman Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Rothman Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Tinsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Rothman Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asif M.","family":"Ilyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Rothman Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark L.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Rothman Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1558944717743600","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2005.06.023"},{"key":"bibr2-1558944717743600","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.D.02162"},{"key":"bibr3-1558944717743600","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn171"},{"key":"bibr4-1558944717743600","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2011.3342"},{"key":"bibr5-1558944717743600","first-page":"474","volume":"70","author":"Devalia KL","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Orthop 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