{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T12:01:04Z","timestamp":1782388864341,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734652800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hand (New York, N,Y.)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although it is well established that antibiotic prophylaxis is not needed in soft tissue upper extremity cases, there is still no definitive consensus when hardware implantation is involved. We hypothesize that antibiotic prophylaxis is not necessary and there is no difference in postoperative surgical site infection rates regardless of preoperative antibiotic administration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective cohort analysis was performed on upper extremity surgical cases with hardware implantation performed at a single institution amongst 5 hand surgeons between November 2021 and November 2023. Implants included plates, screws, Kirschner wires, and suture anchors. Primary outcome measures were diagnosis of surgical site infection by 14 and 30 days postoperatively. Secondary outcomes included the type of management used to treat infection. Categorical variables were compared using Fisher exact test, and continuous variables were compared using Wilcoxon rank-sum test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 232 patients were included for analysis\u2014152 received antibiotic prophylaxis and 80 did not. There were no differences between the 2 groups in terms of demographic factors, comorbidities, or smoking status. There was no difference in infection rates between the group who received antibiotic prophylaxis and the group who did not. Infection rate in the antibiotic prophylaxis group was 4.6% and in the sans antibiotics group was 2.5%. All infections were treated with antibiotics, and there were no differences in the rates of operative washout and hardware removal between the 2 groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antibiotic prophylaxis is not necessary in upper extremity surgical cases even when implantation of hardware is involved.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15589447241307051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T07:35:01Z","timestamp":1734680101000},"page":"265-270","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Reevaluating the Need for Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Adult Upper Extremity Surgery With Hardware"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Yufan","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Khabyeh-Hasbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rami Z.","family":"Abuqubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua M.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9513-5599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria P.","family":"Robbins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aravind","family":"Pothula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7690-2401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven M.","family":"Koehler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp120568"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197355060-00012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200404150-00023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/502033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2014.01.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2016.187"},{"issue":"24","key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"2369","article-title":"Burden of Clostridium difficile infection in the United State","volume":"372","author":"Lessa FC","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lessa FC, Winston LG, McDonald LC; Emerging Infections Program Clostridium Difficile Surveillance Team. Burden of Clostridium difficile infection in the United State. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(24):2369-2370.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance 2015. Accessed December 5 2024. http:\/\/www.wpro.who.int\/entity\/drug_resistance\/resources\/global_action_plan_eng.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1558944718812161"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1558944717701241"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000001265"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","unstructured":"OrthoGuidelines: management of carpal tunnel syndrome. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Accessed December 5 2024. http:\/\/www.orthoguidelines.org\/topic?id=1020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2017.11.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","unstructured":"Cairns C Kang K. National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2021 emergency department summary tables. Accessed December 5 2024. https:\/\/ftp.cdc.gov\/pub\/Health_Statistics\/NCHS\/Dataset_Documentation\/NHAMCS\/doc21-ed-508.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2019-043495"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.15.00239"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999.0000000000000073"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2011.08.005"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","article-title":"The use of preoperative antibiotics in hardware-based hand procedures is not necessary: a single-surgeon experience","volume":"90","author":"Dahmus ES","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dahmus ES, Frank K, Jacob G. The use of preoperative antibiotics in hardware-based hand procedures is not necessary: a single-surgeon experience. 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