{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T19:12:18Z","timestamp":1777662738577,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hand (New York, N,Y.)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n The hand is essential in enabling physical interaction with the environment, with the annular pulleys playing a key role in its functionality. These fibrocartilaginous structures, located along the flexor tendons, are vascularized and may contain nerve endings and mechanoreceptors, aligning tendons with the bones to optimize finger flexion. However, their innervation remains poorly understood, limiting therapeutic advancements for flexor tendon conditions, such as stenosing tenosynovitis (trigger finger). This study aims to analyze the presence and distribution of mechanoreceptors and free nerve endings in the A1 annular pulley to provide insights for improved surgical and therapeutic approaches.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n Twenty A1 pulleys from the ring fingers were obtained from fresh-frozen cadavers. The pulleys were submitted to cryostat sectioning. The sections were subjected to immunofluorescence with the PGP 9.5 (protein gene product 9.5) and confocal microscopy analysis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n The analysis revealed the presence of type I mechanoreceptors (Ruffini corpuscles) in a subset of samples, while type IV free nerve endings were consistently found in all specimens. Both types of neural structures were primarily located at the medial and lateral fibrocartilaginous insertions of the A1 pulley, highlighting specific areas of sensory innervation within the structure.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n This study contributes to the anatomical characterization of the A1 pulley, highlighting the presence and distribution of mechanoreceptors and free nerve endings. While the clinical implications of these findings remain uncertain, they may serve as a basis for future research on proprioception, sensory feedback, and potential surgical considerations.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15589447251334670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T05:13:13Z","timestamp":1745989993000},"page":"778-784","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Structural and Distribution Analysis of Mechanoreceptors and Free Nerve Endings in the Annular Pulleys of the Flexor Tendons of the Hand"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"S\u00e2ngelo Andr\u00e9 Ribeiro","family":"Abreu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal do Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza, Brasil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Pedro Barreto","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal do Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza, Brasil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Ant\u00f4nio Soares","family":"de Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal do Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza, Brasil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lana Lacerda","family":"de Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-\u00c1rido, Mossor\u00f3, Brasil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Luzete Costa","family":"Cavalcante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal do Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza, Brasil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5702-1529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Ariel de Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-\u00c1rido, Mossor\u00f3, Brasil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0266-7681(05)80113-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0370-2693(87)91369-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","volume-title":"Green\u2019s Operative Hand Surgery","author":"Wolfe SW","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wolfe SW, Pederson WC, Kozin SH. Green\u2019s Operative Hand Surgery. 8th ed. Elsevier; 2022.","edition":"8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-78522002000200001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","volume-title":"Clinical Mechanics of the Hand","author":"Brand PW","year":"1999","unstructured":"Brand PW, Hollister AM. Clinical Mechanics of the Hand. 3rd ed. Mosby; 1999.","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","unstructured":"Caetano EB Caetano MF. Diagn\u00f3stico e tratamento das les\u00f5es dos tend\u00f5es flexores. Rev Fac Med Sci Sorocaba. 2007;7(3):25-27. Accessed April 7 2025. https:\/\/adamo.pucsp.br\/index.php\/RFCMS\/article\/view\/333"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1713765"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000143037"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","first-page":"505","article-title":"The innervation of the knee joint: an anatomical and histological study in the cat","volume":"101","author":"Freeman MA","year":"1967","unstructured":"Freeman MA, Wyke B. The innervation of the knee joint: an anatomical and histological study in the cat. J Anat. 1967;101(Pt 3):505-532.","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1197\/j.jht.2006.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00016470310018216"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2019.05.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2010.11.050"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15589447211066974"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200401190-00029"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","volume-title":"Finger Pulley Injuries in Rock Climbing: A Guide for Physiotherapists","author":"Cheung W","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cheung W. Finger Pulley Injuries in Rock Climbing: A Guide for Physiotherapists. Walden Cheung Physiotherapy Corp.; 2023."}],"container-title":["HAND"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15589447251334670","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/15589447251334670","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15589447251334670","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:30:06Z","timestamp":1777447806000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/15589447251334670"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/15589447251334670"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15589447251334670","relation":{},"ISSN":["1558-9447","1558-9455"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1558-9447","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-9455","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]}}}