{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T07:54:46Z","timestamp":1781855686198,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,21]],"date-time":"2025-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758412800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014105","name":"Federal Economic Development Agency for Southern Ontario","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Southern Ontario Pharmaceutical & Health Innovatio"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Southern Ontario Pharmaceutical & Health Innovatio"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014105","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hand (New York, N,Y.)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Brief electrical stimulation (ES) of injured peripheral nerves for 1 hour has been shown to accelerate nerve regeneration with proximal action potential conduction to the neuron cell body, a requirement to elicit therapeutic benefit. Local anesthetic is often used to manage pain in patients. However, using lidocaine after ES therapy has been controversial. We assessed the effects of extraneural usage of lidocaine after ES therapy on nerve regeneration in a rodent nerve injury model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lewis rats underwent tibial nerve transection and immediate repair and randomized to 4 groups: control (REP), extraneural lidocaine alone (REP + LIDO), 60-minute ES (60 ES), and 60-minute ES with extraneural lidocaine (60 ES + LIDO). The tibial nerve was retrograde labeled distally from the neurorrhaphy 28 days post repair. Spinal cords and dorsal root ganglia were harvested to assess motor and sensory neuron counts. Data were analyzed using 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a post-hoc Tukey correction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Using lidocaine after nerve repair did not affect nerve regeneration in the control group (REP vs REP + LIDO) or ES group (60 ES vs 60 ES + LIDO), with motor and sensory neuron counts not statistically different between groups. Electrical stimulation therapy showed at least a 60% increase in motor and sensory neuron counts than controls, a statistically significant effect (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Extraneural usage of lidocaine after ES does not abolish the improved effect of ES on nerve regeneration. Future clinical studies should evaluate the usage of subcutaneous injection of lidocaine post ES for analgesia control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15589447251369034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,21]],"date-time":"2025-09-21T11:14:42Z","timestamp":1758453282000},"page":"915-921","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Electrical Stimulation Therapy to Accelerate Nerve Regeneration Remains Effective Following Postoperative Application of Lidocaine"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8811-5712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cameron F.","family":"Leveille","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3421-8748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael P.","family":"Willand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epineuron Technologies Inc., Mississauga, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katelyn J. W.","family":"So","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epineuron Technologies Inc., Mississauga, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3149-7544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leah N.","family":"Barlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Patchett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyla N.","family":"Sask","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James R.","family":"Bain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada"},{"name":"McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1558944720963895"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","volume-title":"Nerves and Nerve Injuries","author":"Sunderland S.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Sunderland S. Nerves and Nerve Injuries. 2nd ed. Churchill Livingstone; 1978.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2003.98.5.1005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2022.01.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968315604399"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968320962508"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2007.01.040"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2000.01341.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-07-02602.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.09.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40463-017-0244-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24397"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyz322"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000006729"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","article-title":"Lidocaine nerve block diminishes the effects of therapeutic electrical stimulation to enhance nerve regeneration in rats","volume":"18","author":"Keane GC","year":"2022","unstructured":"Keane GC, Marsh EB, Hunter DA, et al. Lidocaine nerve block diminishes the effects of therapeutic electrical stimulation to enhance nerve regeneration in rats. HAND. 2022;18(suppl 1):119S-125S.","journal-title":"HAND"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-199228060-00008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","unstructured":"McErlane S. Local analgesia\/anesthesia for adult rodents SOP Lidocaine\/Bupivacaine\/Ropivacaine 2014. Accessed August 12 2025. https:\/\/animalcare.ubc.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/TECH%2016%20-%20Local%20Anesthetic%20SOP%20(2014).pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2015.11.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1090940210"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0415-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154243"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2016.08.041"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","volume-title":"Lidocaine Toxicity","author":"Torp KD","year":"2024","unstructured":"Torp KD, Metheny E, Simon LV. Lidocaine Toxicity. 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