{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T12:55:53Z","timestamp":1777553753580,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"NSTIP","award":["2-17-01-001-0031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2-17-01-001-0031"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Dose-Response"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"\n Objectives:<\/jats:bold>\n Nalidixic acid has been used as a potent antibiotic drug in the biomedical sciences. In this study, we assessed photochemical properties of nalidixic acid as well as its effect for photocytotoxicity, apoptosis, and genotoxicity on the mouse fibroblast (L929) cell line over the course of 24\u00a0h under the ambient UVB intensity.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n Reactive oxygen species such as singlet oxygen (\n 1<\/jats:sup>\n O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ), superoxide anion radical (O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n \u2022\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n ), and hydroxyl radical (\n \u2022<\/jats:sup>\n OH) were measured by photochemical test and photocytotoxicity, apoptosis, and genotoxicity on the mouse fibroblast (L929) cell line were determined by various methods.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Results:<\/jats:bold>\n Furthermore, in UV-B irritated L929 cells, nalidixic acid decreased GSH and raised LPO levels compared to dark control cells. Nalidixic acid caused concentration-dependent toxicological effects (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05) in L929 cells when exposed to ambient UVB intensity (1.4\u00a0mW\/cm\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n ). DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 activity were observed to be significantly (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05) activated in L929 cells under co-exposure of UV-B and nalidixic acid.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n Our results thus confirm that when exposed to UVB rays, nalidixic acid exhibits both phototoxic and photo-genotoxic effects.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15593258251341599","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T16:38:10Z","timestamp":1749573490000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of Photo Apoptotic and Genotoxicity of Nalidixic Acid on the Mouse Fibroblast Cell Line Under Ambient Environmental Intensity of UV-B Irradiation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1045-4984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daoud","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4697-5204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bader O.","family":"Almutairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anis","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed H.","family":"Almarzoug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3613-5228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saud","family":"Alarifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7381-5110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saad","family":"Alkahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.598717"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.715"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8023935"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Investigation of the effects of three different generations of fluoroquinolone derivatives on antioxidant and immunotoxic enzyme levels in different rat tissues","volume":"4","author":"Donmez F","year":"2021","unstructured":"Donmez F, Dogan A. Investigation of the effects of three different generations of fluoroquinolone derivatives on antioxidant and immunotoxic enzyme levels in different rat tissues. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2021;4:1-13.","journal-title":"Drug Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3803"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12111104"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5698931"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.08.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI109007"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0550416"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2011.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1562\/2006-10-12-RA-1059"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5478790"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2011.04.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2597581"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms140612222"}],"container-title":["Dose-Response"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15593258251341599","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/15593258251341599","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15593258251341599","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T18:02:55Z","timestamp":1777399375000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/15593258251341599"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/15593258251341599"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15593258251341599","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-3258","1559-3258"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-3258","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-3258","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"article-number":"15593258251341599"}}