{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T06:14:50Z","timestamp":1791526490567,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,1]],"date-time":"2003-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1041379200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Food Nutr Bull"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Plant-based complementary foods are the main source of nutrients for many young children in developing countries. They may, however, present problems in providing nutritionally adequate and safe diets for older infants and young children. The high starch content leads to low-nutrient diets that are bulky and dense, with high levels of antinutritive factors such as phytates, tannins, lectins, and enzyme inhibitors. Phytates impair mineral bioavailability, lectins interfere with intestinal structure, and enzyme inhibitors inhibit digestive enzymes. In addition, there is often microbial contamination, which leads to diarrhea, growth-faltering, and impaired development, and the presence of chemical contaminants may lead to neurological disease and goiter. The fact that some fruits containing carotenoids are only available seasonally contributes to the vulnerability of children receiving predominantly plant-based diets. Traditional household food technologies have been used for centuries to improve the quality and safety of complementary foods. These include dehulling, peeling, soaking, germination, fermentation, and drying. While modern communities tend to reject these technologies in favor of more convenient fast-food preparations, there is now a resurgence of interest in older technologies as a possible means of improving the quality and safety of complementary foods when the basic diet cannot be changed for economic reasons. This paper describes the biology, safety, practicability, and acceptability of these traditional processes at the household or community level, as well as the gaps in research, so that more effective policies and programs can be implemented to improve the quality and safety of complementary foods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/156482650302400106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,25]],"date-time":"2015-11-25T16:09:17Z","timestamp":1448467757000},"page":"104-125","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Household-Level Technologies to Improve the Availability and Preparation of Adequate and Safe Complementary Foods"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Patience","family":"Mensah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, in Legon, Ghana."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Tomkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Child Health in London."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1600645"},{"key":"bibr2-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09637489509012554"},{"key":"bibr3-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/156482650302400105"},{"key":"bibr4-156482650302400106","first-page":"680","volume":"28","author":"Perten H.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cereal Foods World"},{"key":"bibr5-156482650302400106","first-page":"101","volume":"27","author":"Dada L.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Trop Sci"},{"key":"bibr6-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(01)00336-3"},{"key":"bibr7-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.1987.tb06739.x"},{"key":"bibr8-156482650302400106","volume-title":"Sorghum and the millets: their composition and nutritive value.","author":"Hulse J.H.","year":"1980"},{"key":"bibr9-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2001.01047.x"},{"key":"bibr10-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00537.x"},{"key":"bibr11-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1398-9995.1999.00768.x"},{"key":"bibr12-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.1.e6"},{"key":"bibr13-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1398-9995.2000.00119.x"},{"key":"bibr14-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2001.01047.x"},{"key":"bibr15-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1997.tb01190.x"},{"key":"bibr16-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf001186o"},{"key":"bibr17-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2001.115480"},{"key":"bibr18-156482650302400106","volume-title":"Extension of research results to end-users: success stories and failures\u2014the case of the FAO\/Food Research Institute chorkor smoker.","author":"Nerquaye-Tetteh G.A.","year":"1989"},{"key":"bibr19-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-7135(98)00150-9"},{"key":"bibr20-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/156482650102200410"},{"key":"bibr21-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/156482650102200407"},{"key":"bibr22-156482650302400106","first-page":"S39","volume":"51","author":"Solomons N.W.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"bibr23-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4514.1984.tb00326.x"},{"key":"bibr24-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.2740230420"},{"key":"bibr25-156482650302400106","first-page":"365","volume":"53","author":"Amoa B.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Cereal Chem"},{"key":"bibr26-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398009527293"},{"key":"bibr27-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf000462w"},{"key":"bibr28-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/713671771"},{"key":"bibr29-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/102.5.653"},{"key":"bibr30-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2001.tb15200.x"},{"key":"bibr31-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf011008a"},{"key":"bibr32-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.1977.tb12674.x"},{"key":"bibr33-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0308-8146(89)90143-X"},{"key":"bibr34-156482650302400106","volume-title":"Enhancing mineral bioavailability in sorghum using natural fermentation.","author":"Onyango E.","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr35-156482650302400106","volume-title":"Anti-microbial effect of fermented Ghanaian maize dough. Final report on Project E1945.","author":"Mensah P.A.","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr36-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-7135(97)00050-9"},{"key":"bibr37-156482650302400106","volume-title":"Microbiological studies of fermented Ghanaian maize dough.","author":"Mensah P.","year":"1990"},{"key":"bibr38-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-7135(97)00075-3"},{"key":"bibr39-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-7135(97)00018-2"},{"key":"bibr40-156482650302400106","volume-title":"Microbiology of fermentation.","author":"Pederson C.S.","year":"1971"},{"key":"bibr41-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.1993.tb04286.x"},{"key":"bibr42-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.1984.tb12425.x"},{"key":"bibr43-156482650302400106","volume-title":"Infant nutrition in the tropics.","author":"Jellife D.B.","year":"1968"},{"key":"bibr44-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-199703000-00001"},{"key":"bibr45-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-7135(97)00016-9"},{"key":"bibr46-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-7135(97)00020-0"},{"key":"bibr47-156482650302400106","first-page":"136","volume-title":"Workshop on improving young child feeding in Eastern and Southern Africa: household-level food technology, Nairobi, Kenya.","author":"Tomkins A.M.","year":"1987"},{"key":"bibr48-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03670244.1992.9991270"},{"key":"bibr49-156482650302400106","volume-title":"Antimicrobial effect of fermented maize dough on Salmonella spp. and Vibrio cholerae.","author":"Asiedu M."},{"key":"bibr50-156482650302400106","volume-title":"Microbial and biochemical aspects of uji (an East African sour cereal porridge) fermentation, and its enhancement through the use of lactic acid bacteria.","author":"Mbugua S.K.","year":"1981"},{"key":"bibr51-156482650302400106","first-page":"219","volume":"94","author":"Odugbemi T.","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"bibr52-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.44.3.525-532.1982"},{"key":"bibr53-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1987.tb04937.x"},{"key":"bibr54-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800067418"},{"key":"bibr55-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-55.1.52"},{"key":"bibr56-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-58.11.1275"},{"key":"bibr57-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(99)00156-7"},{"key":"bibr58-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0308-8146(80)90025-4"},{"key":"bibr59-156482650302400106","volume-title":"Influence of lactic acid fermentation on enteropathogenic bacteria.","author":"Kingamkono R.","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr60-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-53.12.1058"},{"key":"bibr61-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0963-9969(94)90097-3"},{"key":"bibr62-156482650302400106","volume-title":"The germination of seeds.","author":"Mayer A.M.","year":"1963"},{"key":"bibr63-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.1981.tb02993.x"},{"key":"bibr64-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.1979.tb03811.x"},{"key":"bibr65-156482650302400106","first-page":"168","volume":"21","author":"Taur A.T.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Indian J Nutr Diet"},{"key":"bibr66-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.1978.tb15244.x"},{"key":"bibr67-156482650302400106","first-page":"39","volume-title":"Workshop on improving young child feeding in Eastern and Southern Africa: household-level food technology, Nairobi, Kenya.","author":"Seenapa M.","year":"1987"},{"key":"bibr68-156482650302400106","first-page":"10","volume":"5","author":"Mosha A.C.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Food Nutr Bull"},{"key":"bibr69-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09637489309017441"},{"key":"bibr70-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.1988.tb09329.x"},{"key":"bibr71-156482650302400106","first-page":"508","volume":"65","author":"Atwell W.A.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cereal Chem"},{"key":"bibr72-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/38.6.278"},{"key":"bibr73-156482650302400106","volume-title":"The potential of traditional technologies for increasing the energy density of weaning foods (A critical review of existing knowledge with particular reference to malting and fermentation). WHO\/CDD\/92.4e.","author":"Ashworth A.","year":"1992"},{"key":"bibr74-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-199507000-00013"},{"key":"bibr75-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn.70.2.285"},{"key":"bibr76-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/713671780"},{"key":"bibr77-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.1984.tb13212.x"},{"key":"bibr78-156482650302400106","first-page":"101","volume":"27","author":"Dada L.O.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Trop Sci"},{"key":"bibr79-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)90742-1"},{"key":"bibr80-156482650302400106","volume-title":"Improvement of protein quality in maize.","author":"Glover D.V.","year":"1976"},{"key":"bibr81-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.1966.tb01916.x"},{"key":"bibr82-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.2740280810"},{"key":"bibr83-156482650302400106","first-page":"77","volume":"6","author":"Sefa-Dede S.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Food Nutr Bull"},{"key":"bibr84-156482650302400106","volume-title":"Complementary feeding of young children in developing countries: a review of current scientific knowledge.","author":"WHO.","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr85-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/70.3.391"},{"key":"bibr86-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(93)90063-A"},{"key":"bibr87-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/156482650102200408"},{"key":"bibr88-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.7.1946"},{"key":"bibr89-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.7.1879"},{"key":"bibr90-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN2000311"},{"key":"bibr91-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)04450-X"},{"key":"bibr92-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/128.5.855"},{"key":"bibr93-156482650302400106","volume-title":"Persistent diarrhoea in Ghana: incidence, aetiology and associations.","author":"Mensah P.","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr94-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/096374899101238"},{"key":"bibr95-156482650302400106","volume-title":"The determinants of dairying and milk use in the Old World: ecological, physiological and cultural.","author":"Simoons F.J.","year":"1980"},{"key":"bibr96-156482650302400106","first-page":"277","volume":"2","author":"Mensah P.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Afr J Health Sci"},{"key":"bibr97-156482650302400106","first-page":"19","volume":"33","author":"Mensah P.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ghana Med J"},{"key":"bibr98-156482650302400106","first-page":"546","volume":"80","author":"Mensah P.","year":"2002","journal-title":"WHO Bull"},{"key":"bibr99-156482650302400106","first-page":"423","volume":"79","author":"Ehiri J.E.","year":"2001","journal-title":"WHO Bull"},{"key":"bibr100-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/37.5.266"},{"key":"bibr101-156482650302400106","first-page":"745","volume":"72","author":"Lim-Quizon M.C.","year":"1994","journal-title":"WHO Bull"},{"key":"bibr102-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1605(85)90026-1"},{"key":"bibr103-156482650302400106","volume-title":"Street foods in developing countries: the potential for micronutrient fortification.","author":"Draper A.","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr104-156482650302400106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/156482650102200418"}],"container-title":["Food and Nutrition Bulletin"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/156482650302400106","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/156482650302400106","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T06:12:57Z","timestamp":1777443177000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/156482650302400106"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/156482650302400106"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/156482650302400106","relation":{},"ISSN":["0379-5721","1564-8265"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0379-5721","type":"print"},{"value":"1564-8265","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]}}}