{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T12:37:37Z","timestamp":1777639057672,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,1]],"date-time":"2003-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1041379200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Food Nutr Bull"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A study was carried out in Orissa, India, to evaluate the impact on vitamin A status of vitamin A supplementation integrated with an immunization campaign. Data were collected from a representative sample of 1,811 children, aged 12 to 48 months, at baseline and then at 4 and 16 weeks following implementation of vitamin A supplementation. The primary outcome indicator was serum retinol. The coverage of vitamin A supplementation was 97%. There was a significant decline in the prevalence of Bitot's spots from 2.9% to 1.9% at 4 weeks, but the prevalence increased to 3.6% by 16 weeks. Serum retinol concentrations increased between baseline and 4 weeks (from 0.62 \u00b1 0.32 to 0.73 \u00b1 0.23 \u03bcmol\/L, p &lt; .001) but then decreased to 0.50 \u00b1 0.19 \u03bcmol\/l at 16 weeks, which was significantly lower than at baseline (p &lt; .001). The greatest increase in serum retinol from baseline to 4-week follow-up was among children with lowest baseline serum retinol and children with Bitot's spots at baseline. This study demonstrates the short-term benefits of vitamin A supplementation to be significant, especially for those whose status is most compromised. At the same time, the benefit of vitamin A supplementation in this population was transient. The impact of the vitamin A could not be sustained for the full 16 weeks in the study population. This finding calls for exploration of other means to improve vitamin A status, perhaps by adjusting the vitamin A supplementation schedule with more aggressive measures to improve intake of foods rich in bioavailable vitamin A, such as small amounts of animal foods or fortified foods. The study demonstrates the feasibility of integrating vitamin A supplementation with immunization campaigns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/156482650302400402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,25]],"date-time":"2015-11-25T16:07:19Z","timestamp":1448467639000},"page":"319-331","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Safety and Impact of Vitamin A Supplementation Delivered with Oral Polio Vaccine as Part of the Immunization Campaign in Orissa, India"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Gorstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH), Seattle, Washington, USA;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Bhaskaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sultana","family":"Khanum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization, Geneva;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Hossaini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Planning Officer and Chief of Field Operations with UNICEF in Afghanistan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Balakrishna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tracey S.","family":"Goodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization, Geneva;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"deBenoist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization, Geneva;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamala","family":"Krishnaswamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-156482650302400402","first-page":"443","volume":"27","author":"Khamgaonkar M.B.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"bibr2-156482650302400402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02723845"},{"key":"bibr3-156482650302400402","volume-title":"Nutrition trends in India.","author":"Reddy V.","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr4-156482650302400402","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0218.53601","volume":"22","author":"Swami H.M.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Indian J Commun Med"},{"key":"bibr5-156482650302400402","volume-title":"Integration of vitamin A supplementation with immunization: policy and programme implications.","author":"World Health Organization and UNICEF.","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr6-156482650302400402","volume-title":"Policy and operational questions relating to vitamin A and EPI\/NIDs: Joint Statement.","author":"World Health Organization and UNICEF.","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr7-156482650302400402","first-page":"305","volume":"78","author":"Goodman T.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"bibr8-156482650302400402","first-page":"103","volume":"38","author":"Swami H.M.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"bibr9-156482650302400402","author":"Bhaskaram P.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Safety and feasibility of administering high-dose vitamin A with OPV as part of immunisation campaign in Orissa."},{"key":"bibr10-156482650302400402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/52.4.694"},{"key":"bibr11-156482650302400402","first-page":"733","volume":"70","author":"West K.P.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"bibr12-156482650302400402","volume-title":"Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI).","author":"World Health Organization.","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr13-156482650302400402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/32.3.526"},{"key":"bibr14-156482650302400402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.4.882"},{"key":"bibr15-156482650302400402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.2.450"},{"key":"bibr16-156482650302400402","first-page":"929","volume":"64","author":"World Health Organization Working Group on Anthropometry.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"bibr17-156482650302400402","volume-title":"Indicators for assessing vitamin A deficiency and their application in monitoring and evaluating intervention programmes. 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