{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T12:39:40Z","timestamp":1777639180960,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,1]],"date-time":"2004-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1072915200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Food Nutr Bull"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin A deficiency remains a significant health risk in developing countries, affecting infants and children in particular. To counter child malnutrition, mothers are encouraged to breastfeed to ensure that their children receive adequate macro- and micronutrients, including vitamin A. However, this assumes that the mother has sufficient vitamin A intake to provide enough vitamin A to her child. This study investigates maternal and infant intakes of locally available foods of high vitamin A content in a rural agricultural community in Kenya. The study aims to establish the community risk for vitamin A deficiency and to assess whether breast milk is adequate to maintain and build retinol reserves of the breastfed infant. The study assesses 62 mother-child pairs and employs several methods to support its objectives, including the Helen Keller International food-frequency survey, maternal and infant anthropometric measurements, and maternal breast-milk and blood samples to determine breast-milk and serum retinol levels. We found that mothers with marginal (&lt; 0.700 \u03bcmol\/l) serum retinol and breast-milk deficient (&lt; 1.05 \u03bcmol\/l) in retinol accounted for 45.2% and 77.4%, of our sample, respectively. A significant (p &lt; 0.05) proportion (40.3%) of mothers had breast milk deficient in retinol and marginal levels of serum retinol. The risk of vitamin A deficiency in breastfed infants older than six months was high, because 89.5% of them did not consume foods high in vitamin A content three times weekly. The primary source of vitamin A for infants younger than six months was breast-milk deficient in retinol vitamin A. This study suggests that in this rural community, breastfed infants may not receive appropriate foods with high vitamin A content and that although exclusive breastfeeding is advocated, most breast milk is deficient in retinol, further heightening the risk of vitamin A deficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/156482650402500305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,25]],"date-time":"2015-11-25T16:06:17Z","timestamp":1448467577000},"page":"256-263","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Consumption of Vitamin A by Breastfeeding Children in Rural Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Grace","family":"Ettyang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aggrey","family":"Oloo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wauter","family":"van Marken Lichtenbelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wim","family":"Saris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-156482650402500305","volume-title":"Micronutrient Deficiency Information System (MDIS)","author":"Global prevalence of vitamin A deficiency.","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr2-156482650402500305","volume-title":"Nutrition throughout the life cycle.","author":"Fourth report on the world nutrition situation.","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr3-156482650402500305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/156482650002100304"},{"key":"bibr4-156482650402500305","volume-title":"Indicators for assessing vitamin A deficiency and their application in monitoring and evaluating intervention programmes.","author":"World Health Organization.","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr5-156482650402500305","volume-title":"Role of vitamin A in iron deficiency anemia.","year":"1992"},{"key":"bibr6-156482650402500305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.4.786","volume":"73","author":"Dijkhuizen M.A.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"bibr7-156482650402500305","volume-title":"The micronutrient initiative.","author":"Safe vitamin A dosage during pregnancy and lactation.","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr8-156482650402500305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.517S"},{"key":"bibr9-156482650402500305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199007193230304"},{"key":"bibr10-156482650402500305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)90070-6"},{"key":"bibr11-156482650402500305","unstructured":"Effectiveness of vitamin A supplementation in the control of young child morbidity and mortality in developing countries. 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