{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T12:47:59Z","timestamp":1777639679047,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]],"date-time":"2006-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1157068800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Food Nutr Bull"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Care is increasingly being recognized as a crucial input to child health and nutrition, along with food security, availability of health services, and a healthy environment. Although significant gains have been made in the fight against malnutrition in Tanzania, the nutritional status of preschool children in urban areas is not improving.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess child-care practices and the nutritional status of infants and young children with the aim of improving feeding practices and child nutritional status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was undertaken in urban Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. The study involved 100 randomly selected mothers of children 6 to 24 months old from households in Ilala Municipality, one of the three municipalities that constitute the Dar-es-Salaam City Council. Data were collected by a structured questionnaire, spot-check observations, and anthropometric measurements.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence rates of stunting, underweight, wasting, and morbidity were 43%, 22%, 3%, and 80%, respectively. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding was very low (9%), and most stunted children (88%) were not exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months. The mean age at which complementary foods and fluids were introduced was 3.26 \u00b1 1.12 months (range, 1 to 5 months). The fluids given were mainly water and thin cereal-based porridge. More than half of the households practiced good hygiene. Most of the psychosocial practices (e.g., caregiver's attention, affection, and involvement in child feeding, hygiene, health care, and training) were performed by mothers, except for cooking and feeding the children and child training, which were done mostly by alternative caregivers. Nearly half of the mothers (44%) worked out of the home. The mean number of working hours per day was long (10.32 \u00b1 2.13), necessitating the use of alternative caregivers. A negative correlation was found between height-for-age z-scores and the number of hours mothers worked outside the home.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence rates of chronic malnutrition and morbidity are high, and child-feeding practices are inadequate in this urban population. Maternal employment and educational characteristics constrain good child-care practices, and alternative caregivers are taking a more important role in child care as mothers join the work force. We recommend that formative research be conducted to study the actual practices of caregivers in order to form the basis for a child-care education program. There is also a need to strengthen national health system support for improved child feeding.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/156482650602700306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,25]],"date-time":"2015-11-25T15:49:28Z","timestamp":1448466568000},"page":"236-244","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Constraints on Good Child-Care Practices and Nutritional Status in Urban Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Kissa B. M.","family":"Kulwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joyce L. D.","family":"Kinabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Modest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-156482650602700306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.6.1597"},{"key":"bibr2-156482650602700306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/095624789700900213"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr3-156482650602700306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1995.tb01526.x","volume":"53","author":"Solomons NW","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"bibr4-156482650602700306","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Proceedings of a workshop on urban nutrition","author":"Gabr M","year":"1990"},{"key":"bibr5-156482650602700306","unstructured":"Shetty PS, Baskaran T, Muthayya S, Diggavi S, Peter S, Koshy L, Krishnamurthy W, Abraham U. Infant feeding practices, nutritional status and growth of pre-school children in an urban environment in India. In: Proceedings of a workshop on urban nutrition. Lunteren, Netherlands: Foundation for the Advancement of Knowledge of Mother and Child in Developing Countries, 1990:21\u20132."},{"key":"bibr6-156482650602700306","volume-title":"Nutrition relevant actions in Tanzania","author":"Kavishe FP","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr7-156482650602700306","volume-title":"Tanzania Reproductive and Child Health Survey 1999","author":"United Republic of Tanzania","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr8-156482650602700306","volume-title":"World declaration and plan of action","author":"International Conference on Nutrition","year":"1992"},{"key":"bibr9-156482650602700306","volume-title":"Feeding and nutrition of infants and young children: guidelines for the WHO European Region, with emphasis on the former Soviet countries","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr10-156482650602700306","volume-title":"Population and Housing Census: General Report","author":"United Republic of Tanzania","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr11-156482650602700306","volume-title":"Community nutritional assessment with special reference to less technically developed countries","author":"Jellife DB","year":"1989"},{"key":"bibr12-156482650602700306","volume-title":"Measuring change in nutritional status: guidelines for assessing the nutritional impact of supplementary feeding programmes for vulnerable groups","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1983"},{"key":"bibr13-156482650602700306","first-page":"4","volume":"27","author":"Lutter C","year":"2003","journal-title":"SCN News"},{"key":"bibr14-156482650602700306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.7.1879"},{"key":"bibr15-156482650602700306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2001.tb02461.x"},{"key":"bibr16-156482650602700306","first-page":"132","volume":"72","author":"Serventi M","year":"1995","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"bibr17-156482650602700306","volume-title":"5th report on the world nutrition situation","author":"United Nations System\/Standing Committee on Nutrition","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr18-156482650602700306","volume-title":"Guiding principles for complementary feeding of the breastfed child","author":"Pan American Health Organization\/World Health Organization (PAHO\/WHO)","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr19-156482650602700306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/63.6.966"},{"key":"bibr20-156482650602700306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kingamkono R, Sjogren E, Svanberg U, Kaijser B. Inhibition of different strains of enteropathogens in a lactic fermenting cereal gruel. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 1995;299\u2013303.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00367103"},{"key":"bibr21-156482650602700306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116386"},{"key":"bibr22-156482650602700306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.11.2866"},{"key":"bibr23-156482650602700306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/156482650302400404"},{"key":"bibr24-156482650602700306","volume-title":"Childcare, nutrition and health in the central plateau of Haiti: the role of community, household and caregiver resources","author":"US Agency for International Development (USAID)","year":"2003"}],"container-title":["Food and Nutrition Bulletin"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/156482650602700306","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/156482650602700306","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T06:14:20Z","timestamp":1777443260000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/156482650602700306"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/156482650602700306"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/156482650602700306","relation":{},"ISSN":["0379-5721","1564-8265"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0379-5721","type":"print"},{"value":"1564-8265","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]}}}