{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T22:39:24Z","timestamp":1790980764791,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,1]],"date-time":"2007-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1188604800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Food Nutr Bull"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Vitamin A supplementation reduces child mortality. It is estimated that 500 million vitamin A capsules are distributed annually. Policy recommendations have assumed that the supplementation programs offer a proven technology at a relatively low cost of around US$0.10 per capsule.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To review data on costs of vitamin A supplementation to analyze the key factors that determine program costs, and to attempt to model these costs as a function of per capita income figures.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Using data from detailed cost studies in seven countries, this study generated comparable cost categories for analysis, and then used the correlation between national incomes and wage rates to postulate a simple model where costs of vitamin A supplementation are regressed on per capita incomes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Costs vary substantially by country and depend principally on the cost of labor, which is highly correlated with per capita income. Two other factors driving costs are whether the program is implemented in conjunction with other health programs, such as National Immunization Days (which lowers costs), and coverage in rural areas (which increases costs). Labor accounts for 70% of total costs, both for paid staff and for volunteers, while the capsules account for less than 5%. Marketing, training, and administration account for the remaining 25%.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Total costs are lowest (roughly US$0.50 per capsule) in Africa, where wages and incomes are lowest, US$1 in developing countries in Asia, and US$1.50 in Latin America. Overall, this study derives a much higher global estimate of costs of around US$1 per capsule.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/156482650702800307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,25]],"date-time":"2015-11-25T16:04:55Z","timestamp":1448467495000},"page":"307-316","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Estimating the Global Costs of Vitamin A Capsule Supplementation: A Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Oscar","family":"Neidecker-Gonzales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Penelope","family":"Nestel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howarth","family":"Bouis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-156482650702800307","volume-title":"Vitamin A deficiency and iodine deficiency disorders prevalence estimates for the global burden of disease. Micronutrient Deficiency Information System","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr2-156482650702800307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.9.2857S"},{"key":"bibr3-156482650702800307","volume-title":"The progress of nations 1999. League table: Vitamin A supplementation","author":"UNICEF"},{"key":"bibr4-156482650702800307","volume-title":"Effectiveness of vitamin A supplementation in the control of young child morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Report to the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)","author":"Beaton GH","year":"1992"},{"key":"bibr5-156482650702800307","volume-title":"5th report on the world nutrition situation","author":"Nutrition for improved development outcomes","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr6-156482650702800307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.9.2867S"},{"key":"bibr7-156482650702800307","volume-title":"Prevention of micronutrient deficiencies: Tools for policymakers and public health workers","author":"Institute of Medicine","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr8-156482650702800307","first-page":"421","volume-title":"Disease control priorities in developing countries","author":"Levin HM","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr9-156482650702800307","volume-title":"World development report: Investing in health","author":"World Bank","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr10-156482650702800307","volume-title":"Nutrition intervention in developing countries: Fortification. Study 3","author":"Austin JE","year":"1981"},{"key":"bibr11-156482650702800307","volume-title":"Periodic large, oral doses of vitamin A for the prevention of vitamin A deficiency and xerophthalmia: A summary of experiences. Report of the International Vitamin A Consultative Group","author":"West KP","year":"1984"},{"key":"bibr12-156482650702800307","unstructured":"Micronutrient Initiative. New solutions for hidden hunger. Available at: http:\/\/www.micronutrient.org\/home.asp. Accessed 5 June 2007."},{"key":"bibr13-156482650702800307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/15.2.145"},{"key":"bibr14-156482650702800307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(99)00449-9"},{"key":"bibr15-156482650702800307","volume-title":"Cost analysis of the national twice-yearly vitamin A supplementation programme in Tanzania","author":"MOST: The USAID Micronutrient Program","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr16-156482650702800307","unstructured":"PATH Canada. Cost effectiveness of micronutrient interventions: A review of the literature and analysis of NGO-led interventions, 2002. Available at: http:\/\/www.healthbridge.ca\/reports_e.cfm. Accessed 12 June 2007."},{"key":"bibr17-156482650702800307","volume-title":"Wages around the world: Pay across occupations and countries","author":"Freeman R","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr18-156482650702800307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1596\/0-8213-5729-8"},{"key":"bibr19-156482650702800307","volume-title":"The progress of nations 1999","author":"UNICEF","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr20-156482650702800307","volume-title":"Annual Report 2003","author":"Helen Keller International","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr21-156482650702800307","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Choosing interventions that are cost effective (WHO-CHOICE). Available at: http:\/\/www.who.int\/choice\/toolkit\/cost_it\/en\/. 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