{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T12:52:42Z","timestamp":1777639962230,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,1]],"date-time":"2008-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1228089600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Food Nutr Bull"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vitamin A deficiency is a public health problem in most developing countries. The technological challenges associated with the measurement of serum retinol have limited the epidemiologic assessment of vitamin A deficiency. The combination of retinol-binding protein (RBP) enzyme immunoassay and dried blood spots offers a rapid, inexpensive, and reliable tool for the population-level assessment of vitamin A deficiency in resource-poor settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To report on the application of RBP enzyme immunoassay and dried blood spots to assess serum retinol concentrations as an indicator of vitamin A status in the Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2006.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 5,642 capillary blood spot samples were collected by fingerprick onto filter paper cards from women (15\u201349 years) and children (6\u201359 months) in a representative probability sample of 9,864 households between May and October 2006. The cards were dried, packed individually with desiccant, and kept at 4\u00b0C in a portable refrigerator in the field and at \u201320\u00b0C in the laboratory. Prior to analysis, the RBP enzyme immunoassay was optimized with the use of matched serum and dried blood spots.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The correlation between RBP values determined by matching serum and dried blood spots was excellent ( r = 0.79, p &lt; .00001). The prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in women (RBP &lt; 1.24 \u03bcmol\/L) and children (RBP &lt; 0.825 \u03bcmol\/L) was 19.4% and 20.4%, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The combination of RBP enzyme immunoassay and dried blood spots is a simple, reliable, and cost-effective tool for the estimation of vitamin A deficiency in population-level surveys in resource-poor settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/156482650802900406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,25]],"date-time":"2015-11-25T16:02:37Z","timestamp":1448467357000},"page":"297-305","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Application of Retinol-Binding Protein Enzyme Immunoassay to Dried Blood Spots to Assess Vitamin A Deficiency in a Population-Based Survey: The Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2006"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Rhona Kezabu","family":"Baingana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denis Kasozi","family":"Matovu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dean","family":"Garrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-156482650802900406","unstructured":"World Health Organization Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency. Countries categorized by degree of public health importance of vitamin A deficiency, April 1995. Available at: http:\/\/www.who.int\/vmnis\/vitamina\/prevalence\/mn_vitamina_map_1995.pdf. Accessed 6 September 2008."},{"key":"bibr2-156482650802900406","unstructured":"World Bank. Public health at a glance \u2013 vitamin A. Available at: http:\/\/go.worldbank.org\/JBQ6I37YN1. 2004. Accessed 6 September 2008."},{"key":"bibr3-156482650802900406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195088243.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr4-156482650802900406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265070281S206"},{"key":"bibr5-156482650802900406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265070281S208"},{"key":"bibr6-156482650802900406","volume-title":"Biochemical methodology for the assessment of vitamin A status","author":"Arroyave G","year":"1982"},{"key":"bibr7-156482650802900406","volume-title":"Indicators for assessing vitamin A deficiency and their application in monitoring and evaluating intervention programs: Report of a Joint WHO\/UNICEF Consultation","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr8-156482650802900406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.9.2845S"},{"key":"bibr9-156482650802900406","volume-title":"Indicators and methods for cross-sectional surveys of vitamin and mineral status of populations","author":"Gorstein J","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr10-156482650802900406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/19.3.489"},{"key":"bibr11-156482650802900406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-10-3-308"},{"key":"bibr12-156482650802900406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/003655100750044848"},{"key":"bibr13-156482650802900406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.1.93"},{"key":"bibr14-156482650802900406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602456"},{"key":"bibr15-156482650802900406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.594"},{"key":"bibr16-156482650802900406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.2.218"},{"key":"bibr17-156482650802900406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.9.2895S"},{"key":"bibr18-156482650802900406","volume-title":"Dried blood spot retinol and retinol-binding protein concentrations using enzyme immunoassay as surrogates of serum retinol concentrations","author":"Tanumihardjo SA","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr19-156482650802900406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197306142882403"},{"key":"bibr20-156482650802900406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/26.9.1285"},{"key":"bibr21-156482650802900406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/28.5.1207"},{"key":"bibr22-156482650802900406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00281061"},{"key":"bibr23-156482650802900406","unstructured":"National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Blood collection on filter paper for neonatal screening programs: Approved Standard, 3rd ed. 1997, 17:LA4\u2013A3. Wayne, Pennsylvania: National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards."},{"key":"bibr24-156482650802900406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.4.882"},{"key":"bibr25-156482650802900406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.2.450"},{"key":"bibr26-156482650802900406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.2.318"},{"key":"bibr27-156482650802900406","volume-title":"Uganda Demographic and Health Survey, 2000\u20132001","author":"Uganda Bureau of Statistics and ORC Macro","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr28-156482650802900406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.52.9.633"},{"key":"bibr29-156482650802900406","volume-title":"Uganda Demographic and Health Survey, 2006","author":"Uganda Bureau of Statistics and Macro International","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr30-156482650802900406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980007000821"},{"key":"bibr31-156482650802900406","unstructured":"Rosner B. Fundamentals of biostatistics, 4th ed. Belmont, CA, USA: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1995:423\u20136."},{"key":"bibr32-156482650802900406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/120.suppl_11.1459"},{"key":"bibr33-156482650802900406","volume-title":"RBP-EIA: A new approach to assessing vitamin A deficiency","author":"Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH)","year":"2003","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr34-156482650802900406","unstructured":"Erhardt JG, Powers CD, Pendergrast EC, Schleicher RL. Recovery of proteins in dried blood spots used for the measurement of vitamin A, iron and infectious status\u2014test of different environmental conditions. Micronutrient Forum, 16\u201318 April 2007: Consequences and Control of Micronutrient Deficiencies: Science, Policy and Programs\u2014Defining the Issues. Available at: http:\/\/www.micronutrientforum.org\/Meeting2007\/posters\/Micronutrients%20and%20Infection\/Measurement%20of%20Vitamin%20A,%20Iron,%20and%20Infectious%20Status%20Erhardt%20et%20al.pdf. Accessed 19 September 2008."},{"key":"bibr35-156482650802900406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2007.093104"},{"key":"bibr36-156482650802900406","unstructured":"Brindle E, Masako F, Garret D, Gorstein J, O'Connor K. Validation of collection and elution procedures for measurements of retinol binding protein in dried blood spots. Micronutrient Forum, 16\u201318 April 2007: Consequences and Control of Micronutrient Deficiencies: Science, Policy and Programs\u2014Defining the Issues. Available at: http:\/\/www.micronutrientforum.org\/Meeting2007\/posters\/Assessment%20and%20Evaluation\/Procedures%20for%20Measurements%20of%20Retinol%20Binding%20Protein%20Brindle%20et%20al.pdf. 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