{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,14]],"date-time":"2026-11-14T23:44:02Z","timestamp":1794699842901,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,1]],"date-time":"2009-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1251763200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Food Nutr Bull"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the search for cost-effective interventions to reduce morbidity and mortality in HIV disease, the identification of nutritional status and levels of micronutrients is very important.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To generate information on the level of energy malnutrition and on vitamin A, zinc, and hemoglobin levels and their relationships with disease status in HIV-infected adults in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A cross-sectional study was carried out on 153 HIV-positive adults (19% male, 81% female) living in Addis Ababa. The nutritional status and the levels of zinc, retinol, and hemoglobin were determined by anthropometric and biochemical methods. CD\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      counts and C-reactive protein levels were measured by standard methods.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the patients, 18% were chronically energy deficient, 71% were normal, and 11% were overweight. Serum zinc levels were low (&lt; 10.7 \u03bcmol\/L) in 53% of subjects, and serum retinol levels were low (&lt; 30 \u03bcg\/dL) in 47% of subjects. Low hemoglobin levels (&lt; 12 g\/dL) were observed in only 4.72% of the study population. CD\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      counts under 200\/mm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      and elevated C-reactive protein levels were both found in 21% of the subjects. CD\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      counts were positively and significantly correlated with hemoglobin ( r = 0.271, p &lt; .001), zinc ( r = 0.180, p &lt; .033), and body mass index ( r = 0.194, p &lt; .017). There were significant negative associations between levels of C-reactive protein and levels of zinc ( r = \u22120.178, p &lt; 0.036 and hemoglobin ( r = \u22120.253, p &lt; .002).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results provide evidence that compromised nutritional and micronutrient status begins early in the course of HIV-1 infection. Low serum zinc and vitamin A levels were observed in almost half of the subjects. The clinical significance of low serum zinc and vitamin A levels is unclear, and more research is required.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/156482650903000303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,25]],"date-time":"2015-11-25T16:02:55Z","timestamp":1448467375000},"page":"227-232","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Nutritional and Immunological Status and their Associations among HIV-Infected Adults in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Habtamu","family":"Fufa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melaku","family":"Umeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samson","family":"Taffesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Najat","family":"Mokhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Aguenaou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-156482650903000303","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Program on HIV\/AIDS, World Health Organization. AIDS epidemic update, Dec 2007;8."},{"key":"bibr2-156482650903000303","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Program on HIV\/AIDS, World Health Organization, UNICEF. Epidemiological fact sheet on HIV and AIDS. Core data on epidemiology and response, Oct 2008; 3\u201320."},{"key":"bibr3-156482650903000303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(84)80025-1"},{"key":"bibr4-156482650903000303","first-page":"187","volume-title":"Cofactors in HIV-1 infection and AIDS","author":"Leonard-Green TK","year":"1989"},{"key":"bibr5-156482650903000303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/66.2.464S"},{"key":"bibr6-156482650903000303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nu.10.070190.002355"},{"key":"bibr7-156482650903000303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114599000379"},{"key":"bibr8-156482650903000303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.4.938"},{"key":"bibr9-156482650903000303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.1.182"},{"key":"bibr10-156482650903000303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/45.7.1077"},{"key":"bibr11-156482650903000303","first-page":"639","volume":"31","author":"Fusch C","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem"},{"key":"bibr12-156482650903000303","unstructured":"United Nations Adminstrative Committee on Coordination\/Subcommittee on Nutrition. 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