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The Oriente Longitudinal Study examined the effects of two types of supplementation for mothers and young children on their growth and development (an energy-only drink compared with a protein-energy drink) using a quasi-experimental design. Both drinks were supplemented with micronutrients, and were offered daily. As a result of the research on malnutrition and mental development, researchers could conclude by 1993 that supplementary feeding of infants and young children resulted in significant increases cognitive development and school performance through adolescence. The research also suggested that the pathways that link malnutrition with later development are not only through the neurological system but also operate through changes in child behavior which affect the kinds of care children receive. Other research on learning and development showed that families understood the concept of intelligence, demonstrated the link between micronutrients and cognitive development, and documented the amount of wastage or repetition and drop-out that occurs in Guatemalan schools.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/156482651003100109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,25]],"date-time":"2015-11-25T16:02:18Z","timestamp":1448467338000},"page":"83-94","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["INCAP Studies of Malnutrition and Cognitive Behavior"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Patrice L.","family":"Engle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia D.","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-156482651003100109","first-page":"169","volume":"14","author":"Read MS","year":"1993","journal-title":"Food Nutr Bull"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr2-156482651003100109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.38.2.319","volume":"38","author":"Cravioto J","year":"1966","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"bibr3-156482651003100109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/20.5.493"},{"key":"bibr4-156482651003100109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1166162"},{"key":"bibr5-156482651003100109","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Western Hemisphere Nutrition Congress","author":"Jelliffe DB","year":"1965"},{"key":"bibr6-156482651003100109","first-page":"339","volume-title":"Amino acid fortification of protein foods","author":"Klein RE","year":"1971"},{"key":"bibr7-156482651003100109","first-page":"271","volume":"71","author":"McLaren DS","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"bibr8-156482651003100109","volume-title":"Nutrition and the brain","author":"Pollitt E","year":"1977"},{"key":"bibr9-156482651003100109","volume-title":"Behavioral effects of energy and protein deficits","author":"Sinisterra L","year":"1971"},{"key":"bibr10-156482651003100109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1131045"},{"key":"bibr11-156482651003100109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/156482651003100108"},{"key":"bibr12-156482651003100109","volume-title":"Development and learning: conflict or congruence?","author":"Siegler RS","year":"1987"},{"key":"bibr13-156482651003100109","first-page":"278","volume-title":"Intellectual development","author":"Canfield RL","year":"1992"},{"key":"bibr14-156482651003100109","volume-title":"Cognitive psychology","author":"Best JB","year":"1989"},{"key":"bibr15-156482651003100109","first-page":"191","volume":"14","author":"Schroeder DG","year":"1993","journal-title":"Food Nutr Bull"},{"key":"bibr16-156482651003100109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/156482659201400305"},{"key":"bibr17-156482651003100109","first-page":"77","volume-title":"Chronic energy deficiency: consequences and related issues","author":"Pollitt EP","year":"1988"},{"key":"bibr18-156482651003100109","volume-title":"The biopsychology of development","author":"Waddington CH","year":"1971"},{"key":"bibr19-156482651003100109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/156482659201400302"},{"key":"bibr20-156482651003100109","first-page":"124","volume-title":"Cross-cultural perspectives on child development","author":"Townsend JW","year":"1982"},{"key":"bibr21-156482651003100109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1129234"},{"key":"bibr22-156482651003100109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1129086"},{"key":"bibr23-156482651003100109","first-page":"61","volume-title":"Nutrition, development, and social behavior","author":"Klein RE","year":"1973"},{"key":"bibr24-156482651003100109","first-page":"41","volume":"22","author":"Klein RE","year":"1972","journal-title":"Arch Latinoam Nutr"},{"key":"bibr25-156482651003100109","unstructured":"Yarbrough C, Lasky RE, Habicht J-P, Klein R. 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