{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:14:50Z","timestamp":1787019290210,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,1]],"date-time":"2010-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1275350400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Food Nutr Bull"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Several surveys conducted over a period of 40 years have shown that vitamin A deficiency is a serious public health problem in Ethiopia. To address the problem effectively, up-to-date, comprehensive information on the magnitude and distribution of vitamin A deficiency is needed.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n A national vitamin A survey was conducted to assess the national and regional prevalence rates of vitamin A deficiency in Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n The survey employed a multistage, cluster-sampling approach and a cross-sectional study design. A total of 23,148 children aged 6 to 71 months and their respective mothers were examined for clinical signs and symptoms, and blood samples were collected from 1,200 systematically selected children for serum retinol analysis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The findings indicated national prevalence rates of 1.7% for Bitot's spots among children. 0.8% for night-blindness among children, and 1.8% for night-blindness among mothers. Nationally, 37.7% of children (95% CI, 35.6% to 39.9%) had deficient serum retinol levels, 50.7% had been sick in the previous 15 days, and 22.6% had received vitamin A supplements in the previous 6 months. The prevalence of clinical vitamin A deficiency was significantly (p < .05) higher among children who were male, older, or rural residents.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The study confirmed that vitamin A deficiency is a serious public health problem in Ethiopia. Intensification of the ongoing vitamin A supplementation program, postpartum vitamin A supplementation for mothers, intensifying efforts to improve the health status of preschool age children, and promotion of production and consumption of fruits and vegetables are recommended.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/156482651003100206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,25]],"date-time":"2015-11-25T16:01:32Z","timestamp":1448467292000},"page":"234-241","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Magnitude and Distribution of Vitamin A Deficiency in Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Tsegaye","family":"Demissie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yared","family":"Mekonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jemal","family":"Haider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melaku","family":"Umeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-156482651003100206","volume-title":"Effectiveness of vitamin A supplementation in the control of young child morbidity and mortality in developing countries","author":"Beaton G","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr2-156482651003100206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.318.7183.570"},{"key":"bibr3-156482651003100206","volume-title":"Report on nutritional needs of children in Ethiopia","author":"Postumus S","year":"1958"},{"key":"bibr4-156482651003100206","volume-title":"Ethiopian Nutrition Survey","author":"Interdepartmental Committee on Nutrition for National Defense (ICNND)","year":"1959"},{"key":"bibr5-156482651003100206","first-page":"469","volume":"45","author":"Wolde-Gebriel Z","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"bibr6-156482651003100206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/45.4.780"},{"key":"bibr7-156482651003100206","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Micronutrient deficiencies in Ethiopia and their interrelationships","author":"Wolde-Gebriel Z","year":"1992"},{"key":"bibr8-156482651003100206","first-page":"73","volume-title":"Micronutrient deficiencies in Ethiopia and their interrelationships","author":"Wolde-Gebriel Z","year":"1992"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr9-156482651003100206","first-page":"225","volume":"12","author":"Demissie T","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ethiop J Health Dev"},{"key":"bibr10-156482651003100206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhd.v14i3.9903"},{"issue":"16","key":"bibr11-156482651003100206","first-page":"30","volume":"1","author":"Demissie T","year":"2003","journal-title":"S Afr J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"bibr12-156482651003100206","volume-title":"Guidelines for the enhanced outreach strategy","author":"Federal Ministry of Health","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr13-156482651003100206","volume-title":"Ethiopian demographic and health survey","author":"Central Statistics Agency","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr14-156482651003100206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/29.4.708"},{"key":"bibr15-156482651003100206","first-page":"590","volume":"76","author":"Haider J","year":"1999","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"bibr16-156482651003100206","volume-title":"Sight and Life manual on vitamin A deficiency disorders","author":"McLaren D","year":"2001","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr17-156482651003100206","volume-title":"Vitamin A deficiency and its consequences. A field guide to detection and control","author":"Sommer A","year":"1995","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr18-156482651003100206","volume-title":"Indicators for assessing vitamin A deficiency and their application in monitoring and evaluation of intervention programs","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr19-156482651003100206","volume-title":"Nutritional blindness: Xerophthalmia and keratomalacia","author":"Sommer A","year":"1982"},{"key":"bibr20-156482651003100206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195088243.001.0001","volume-title":"Vitamin A deficiency: Health survival and vision","author":"Sommer A","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr21-156482651003100206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)93133-4"}],"container-title":["Food and Nutrition Bulletin"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/156482651003100206","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/156482651003100206","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T06:16:05Z","timestamp":1777443365000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/156482651003100206"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/156482651003100206"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/156482651003100206","relation":{},"ISSN":["0379-5721","1564-8265"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0379-5721","type":"print"},{"value":"1564-8265","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]}}}