{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T12:15:19Z","timestamp":1790684119567,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1_suppl1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,1]],"date-time":"2010-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1267401600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Food Nutr Bull"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Reasons to fortify flour with vitamin B\n                    <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                    are considered, including the high prevalence of depletion and deficiency of this vitamin that occurs in persons of all ages in resource-poor countries and in the elderly in wealthier countries, and the adverse functional consequences of poor vitamin B\n                    <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                    status. From a global perspective, the main cause of inadequate intake and status is a low intake of animal-source foods; even lacto-ovo vegetarians have lower serum vitamin B\n                    <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                    concentrations than omnivores, and for various reasons many populations have limited consumption of animal-source foods. Infants are vitamin B\n                    <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                    -depleted from early infancy if their mothers' vitamin B\n                    <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                    status and intake are poor during pregnancy and lactation. Even in the United States, more than 20% of the elderly have serum vitamin B\n                    <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                    concentrations that indicate depletion, and an additional 6% have deficiency, primarily due to gastric atrophy, which impairs the absorption of the vitamin from food but usually not from supplements or fortified foods. Although the evidence is limited, it shows that fortified flour, consumed as bread, can improve vitamin B\n                    <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                    status. Where vitamin B\n                    <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                    fortification is implemented, the recommendation is to add 20 \u03bcg\/kg flour, assuming consumption of 75 to 100 g flour per day, to provide 75% to 100% of the Estimated Average Requirement; the amount of the vitamin that can be added is limited by its cost. The effectiveness of this level of addition for improving vitamin B\n                    <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                    status in programs needs to be determined and monitored. In addition, further research should evaluate the bioavailability of the vitamin from fortified flour by elderly people with food cobalamin malabsorption and gastric atrophy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265100311s104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,25]],"date-time":"2015-11-25T15:57:34Z","timestamp":1448467054000},"page":"S36-S46","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Considering the Case for Vitamin B\n                    <sub>12<\/sub>\n                    Fortification of Flour"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Lindsay H.","family":"Allen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irwin H.","family":"Rosenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Godfrey P.","family":"Oakley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilbert S.","family":"Omenn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-15648265100311S104","volume-title":"Dietary Reference Intakes: thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline","author":"Institute of Medicine","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr2-15648265100311S104","volume-title":"Guidelines on food fortification with micronutrients","author":"Allen L","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr3-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.2.442"},{"key":"bibr4-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265080292S110"},{"key":"bibr5-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.1.193"},{"key":"bibr6-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.2830340205"},{"key":"bibr7-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2006.080382"},{"key":"bibr8-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2004.01437.x"},{"key":"bibr9-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000257063.77411.e9"},{"key":"bibr10-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2007.102632"},{"key":"bibr11-15648265100311S104","volume-title":"A randomized, placebo-controlled vitamin B12 supplementation trial in deficient Mexican women: baseline assessment, transcobalamin genotype and response of biochemical and functional markers to supplementation","author":"Shahab-Ferdows S","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr12-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/18.3.176"},{"key":"bibr13-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.2.514"},{"key":"bibr14-15648265100311S104","volume-title":"The megaloblastic anaemias","author":"Chanarin I","year":"1979","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr15-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.3.676"},{"key":"bibr16-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265080292S107"},{"key":"bibr17-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1301\/nr.2004.jun.S29-S33"},{"key":"bibr18-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1996.00040041097008"},{"key":"bibr19-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/45.4.785"},{"key":"bibr20-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/78.1.131"},{"key":"bibr21-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.12.3319"},{"key":"bibr22-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000012827"},{"key":"bibr23-15648265100311S104","first-page":"1308","volume":"147","author":"Dagnelie PC","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd"},{"key":"bibr24-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/74.2.233"},{"key":"bibr25-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/127.10.1966"},{"key":"bibr26-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.5.1307"},{"key":"bibr27-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.11.3972S"},{"key":"bibr28-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.3.624"},{"key":"bibr29-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0559-4_6"},{"key":"bibr30-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/86.5.1302"},{"key":"bibr31-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1986.tb03985.x"},{"key":"bibr32-15648265100311S104","first-page":"44","volume":"14","author":"Gumurdulu Y","year":"2003","journal-title":"Turk J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"bibr33-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.03453.x"},{"key":"bibr34-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.9.2770"},{"key":"bibr35-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/66.4.750"},{"key":"bibr36-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(02)01181-6"},{"key":"bibr37-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.2.289"},{"key":"bibr38-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/66.4.795"},{"key":"bibr39-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265080292S129"},{"key":"bibr40-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265080292S111"},{"key":"bibr41-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A731","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.00-0163com","volume":"15","author":"Reid ED","year":"2001","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"bibr42-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2008.00031.x"},{"key":"bibr43-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/86.5.1563S"},{"key":"bibr44-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265080292S118"},{"key":"bibr45-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000325581.26991.f2"},{"key":"bibr46-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.12.2099"},{"key":"bibr47-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265080292S114"},{"key":"bibr48-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-008-9087-z"},{"key":"bibr49-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.050202"},{"key":"bibr50-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2005.20.1.152"},{"key":"bibr51-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2005.04.017"},{"key":"bibr52-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030074"},{"key":"bibr53-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198807143190202"},{"key":"bibr54-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(96)90171-7"},{"key":"bibr55-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2007.03.011"},{"key":"bibr56-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1D636"},{"key":"bibr57-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.26947E"},{"key":"bibr58-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2005.183"},{"key":"bibr59-15648265100311S104","first-page":"357","volume":"88","author":"Dickinson CJ","year":"1995","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"bibr60-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.62.4.641"},{"key":"bibr61-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0709487104"},{"key":"bibr62-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/86.1.265"},{"key":"bibr63-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.3.517"},{"key":"bibr64-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/88.2.348"},{"key":"bibr65-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.5.805"},{"key":"bibr66-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265080292S126"},{"key":"bibr67-15648265100311S104","volume-title":"Fortifying with vitamin B12 does not affect dough handling or bread color","author":"Strouts BL","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr68-15648265100311S104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/88.2.253"}],"container-title":["Food and Nutrition Bulletin"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15648265100311S104","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15648265100311S104","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T06:16:02Z","timestamp":1777443362000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/15648265100311S104"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1_suppl1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/15648265100311S104"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15648265100311s104","relation":{},"ISSN":["0379-5721","1564-8265"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0379-5721","type":"print"},{"value":"1564-8265","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]}}}