{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T08:03:46Z","timestamp":1787731426973,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,1]],"date-time":"2012-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1330560000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Nutr Bull"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vitamin A deficiency is associated with poor health outcomes related to reproduction, growth, vision, and immunity. Biofortification of staple crops is a novel strategy for combating vitamin A deficiency in high-risk populations where staple food intakes are high. African populations are proposed beneficiaries of maize ( Zea mays) biofortified with provitamin A carotenoids, often called \u201corange maize\u201d because of its distinctive deep yellow-orange kernels. The color facilitates ready recognition but presents a cultural challenge to maize-consuming populations, including those in much of Africa, who traditionally eat white varieties.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study explores the intake patterns of, as well as adaptation to, traditional foods made with provitamin A\u2013biofortified maize compared with white maize in rural Zambian children 3 to 5 years of age ( n = 189) during a 3-month feeding trial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The subjects were fed a breakfast of maize porridge (sweet mush), a lunch of maize nshima (stiff mush) with various side dishes, and an afternoon snack based on a 6-day rotating menu. The trial was conducted in 2010. The orange maize used in the trial came from three different sources. O1 maize was from the 2009 harvest and was stored in a freezer until use in 2010. O2 maize was also from the 2009 harvest and was stored in a cold room until 2010. O3 (\u201cfresh\u201d) maize was from the 2010 harvest and was fed immediately after harvest in week 9 of the study and then stored in a freezer until milling for the final four weeks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Consumption of menu items, except snacks, was influenced by week ( p &lt; .0084). The intakes of porridge and nshima made with orange maize equaled those of porridge and nshima made with white maize from week 2 onward. The intakes of porridge and nshima prepared from O1 and O2 did not differ, but intakes became significantly higher when meals made from O3 were introduced ( p &lt; .014 for porridge and p \u2264 .013 for nshima).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results demonstrate quick adaptation to orange maize, a preference for recently harvested maize, and an optimistic outlook for similar adaptation patterns in other biofortified-maize target countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/156482651203300106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,25]],"date-time":"2015-11-25T15:59:28Z","timestamp":1448467168000},"page":"63-71","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Comparative Intake of White- versus Orange-Colored Maize by Zambian Children in the Context of Promotion of Biofortified Maize"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Emily T.","family":"Nuss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara A.","family":"Arscott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kara","family":"Bresnahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin V.","family":"Pixley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torbert","family":"Rocheford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Hotz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ward","family":"Siamusantu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Chileshe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherry A.","family":"Tanumihardjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-156482651203300106","unstructured":"Micronutrient Initiative\/United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. Vitamin and mineral deficiency: A global progress report. 2004. Available at: http:\/\/www.micronutrient.org\/CMFiles\/PubLib\/VMd-GPR-English1KWW-3242008-4681.pdf. Accessed 16 November 2011."},{"key":"bibr2-156482651203300106","volume-title":"Guidelines on food fortification with micronutrients","author":"Allen L","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr3-156482651203300106","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Micronutrient deficiencies: Vitamin A deficiency. 2010. Available at: http:\/\/www.who.int\/nutrition\/topics\/vad\/en\/. Accessed 16 November 2011."},{"key":"bibr4-156482651203300106","volume-title":"Vitamin A supplements: A guide to their use in the treatment of vitamin A deficiency and xerophthalmia","author":"World Health Organization\/United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund\/International Vitamin A Consultative Group Task Force","year":"1997","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr5-156482651203300106","unstructured":"Micronutrient Initiative. Investing in the future: A united call to action on vitamin and mineral deficiencies. In: Global report summary 2009. Available at: http:\/\/www.unitedcalltoaction.org\/documents\/Investing_in_the_future_Summary.pdf. Accessed 16 November 2011."},{"key":"bibr6-156482651203300106","unstructured":"Fortifying Africa's future. 2010. Available at: http:\/\/www.fortaf.org\/index.htm. Accessed 16 November 2011."},{"key":"bibr7-156482651203300106","unstructured":"Meenakshi JV. Cost-effectiveness of biofortification; Copenhagen Consensus Center Best Practice Paper: New Advice from cco8. 2008. Available at: http:\/\/www.copenhagenconsensus.com\/Files\/Filer\/CCC\/Best%20Practice%20Papers\/bio.pdf. Accessed 16 November 2011."},{"key":"bibr8-156482651203300106","first-page":"329","volume":"7","author":"Tanumihardjo SA","year":"2008","journal-title":"Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf"},{"key":"bibr9-156482651203300106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/90.5.1470"},{"key":"bibr10-156482651203300106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809737105"},{"key":"bibr11-156482651203300106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.5.1320"},{"key":"bibr12-156482651203300106","first-page":"373","volume":"7","author":"Tanumihardjo SA","year":"2008","journal-title":"Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf"},{"key":"bibr13-156482651203300106","first-page":"12","volume":"1","author":"Latham M","year":"2010","journal-title":"World Nutr"},{"key":"bibr14-156482651203300106","unstructured":"International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center. Maize. Global alliance for improving food security and the livelihoods of the resource-poor in the developing world. 2011. 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