{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T15:10:26Z","timestamp":1789917026423,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4_suppl3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,1]],"date-time":"2012-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1354320000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Nutr Bull"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In sub-Saharan Africa, more than 42% of children are at risk for vitamin A deficiency, and control of vitamin A deficiency will prevent more than 600,000 child deaths annually. In the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA), an estimated 54.3% of preschool-age children are vitamin A deficient and 13% of pregnant women have night blindness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To project the achievements of this West African coalition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This article documents the achievements, challenges, and lessons learned associated with the development of a public\u2014private partnership to fortify vegetable oil in West Africa through project reports and industry assessments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>National-level food consumption surveys identified cooking oil as a key vehicle for vitamin A. Stakeholders therefore advocated for the production of fortified vegetable oil at large scale, supported industrial assessments, and reinforced the capacity of cooking oil industries to implement vitamin A fortification through effective coordination of public and private partnerships tied with standards, regulations, and social marketing. Strong alliances for food fortification were established at the regional and national levels. Stakeholders also developed policies, adopted directives, built capacity, implemented social marketing, and monitored quality enforcement systems to sustain fortification for maximum public health impact. The synergy created resulted from the unique and complementary core competencies of all the partners under effective coordination. The initiative began with the 8 UEMOA member countries and now includes all 15 countries of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), plus Cameroon, Tanzania, and Mozambique, forming a sub-Saharan Africa-wide initiative on food fortification. All members of the Professional Association of Cooking Oil Industries of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (AIFO-UEMOA) now fortify edible oil with vitamin A. Through multisector cooperation, an estimated 70% of the population has access to vitamin A\u2013fortified edible oil in participating countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sustainable fortification of cooking oil is now a reality in all UEMOA countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265120334s307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,25]],"date-time":"2015-11-25T15:56:01Z","timestamp":1448466961000},"page":"S310-S320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Thriving Public\u2014Private Partnership to Fortify Cooking Oil in the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA) to Control Vitamin A Deficiency:\n                    <i>Faire Tache d'Huile en Afrique de l'Ouest<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Mawuli","family":"Sablah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Klopp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Steinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaoro","family":"Touaoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnaud","family":"Laillou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shawn","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-15648265120334S307","volume-title":"Healthy partnerships: how governments can engage the private sector to improve health in Africa","author":"World Bank\/International Finance Corporation","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr2-15648265120334S307","volume-title":"The state of the world's children: maternal and newborn health","author":"UNICEF","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr3-15648265120334S307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61690-0"},{"key":"bibr4-15648265120334S307","volume-title":"Food fortification in West Africa, assessment of opportunities and strategies","author":"Begin F","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr5-15648265120334S307","unstructured":"Micronutrient Initiative\/UNICEF\/GAIN\/WHO\/New Economic Partnership for African Development\/Development Bank of Southern Africa. Vitamin and mineral deficiency: a partnership drive to end hidden hunger in sub-Saharan Africa. 2004. Available at: http:\/\/www.unicef.org\/videoaudio\/PDFs\/africa_dar.pdf. Accessed 18 July 2012."},{"key":"bibr6-15648265120334S307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/156482650502600404"},{"key":"bibr7-15648265120334S307","unstructured":"GAIN\/Flour Fortification Initiative\/Micronutrient Initative\/US Agency for International Development\/UNICEF\/World Bank. Investing in the future: a united call to action on vitamin and mineral deficiencies. 2009. Available at: http:\/\/reliefweb.int\/sites\/reliefweb.int\/files\/resources\/E7048CF2A553C171492576DB001FB2E2-Investing_in_the_future.pdf. Accessed 18 July 2012."},{"key":"bibr8-15648265120334S307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.9.2845S"},{"key":"bibr9-15648265120334S307","first-page":"119","volume":"18","author":"Ahmed FU","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"key":"bibr10-15648265120334S307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980000000458"},{"key":"bibr11-15648265120334S307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/152.6.542"},{"key":"bibr12-15648265120334S307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.517S"},{"key":"bibr13-15648265120334S307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.9.2934S"},{"key":"bibr14-15648265120334S307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.9.2947S"},{"key":"bibr15-15648265120334S307","unstructured":"Horton S, Alderman H, Rivera JA. Copenhagen Consensus 2008 Challenge Paper: Hunger and Malnutrition. Available at: http:\/\/siteresources.worldbank.org\/EXTHDOFFICE\/Resources\/5485726-1239047988859\/5995659-1239051886394\/CP_Malnutrition_and_Hunger_-_Horton.pdf. Accessed 18 July 2012."},{"key":"bibr16-15648265120334S307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265100311S105"},{"key":"bibr17-15648265120334S307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.928"},{"key":"bibr18-15648265120334S307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.4.1068"},{"key":"bibr19-15648265120334S307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/34.1.41"},{"key":"bibr20-15648265120334S307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/48.5.1271"},{"key":"bibr21-15648265120334S307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/48.5.1265"},{"key":"bibr22-15648265120334S307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1998.10718776"},{"key":"bibr23-15648265120334S307","first-page":"720","volume":"50","author":"Solon FS","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"bibr24-15648265120334S307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.3.738"},{"key":"bibr25-15648265120334S307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.4.1055"},{"key":"bibr26-15648265120334S307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.9.2927S"},{"key":"bibr27-15648265120334S307","volume-title":"7th General Assembly Resolution on mandatory fortification of cooking oil and wheat flour","author":"ECOWAS Assembly of Health Ministers","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr28-15648265120334S307","volume-title":"9th General Assembly Resolution to implement mandatory fortification of cooking oil and wheat flour","author":"ECOWAS Assembly of Health Ministers","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr29-15648265120334S307","volume-title":"Decree on mandatory application of standards for fortifying refined cooking oil with vitamin A and soft wheat flour fortified with iron and folic acid","author":"Senegalese Ministry of Health","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr30-15648265120334S307","volume-title":"Mandatory fortification of cooking oil with vitamin A. 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