{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T05:13:14Z","timestamp":1790313194817,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]],"date-time":"2013-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1385856000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Nutr Bull"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Observed-Weighed Food Record Surveys (OWFR) are regarded as the most precise dietary assessment methodology, despite their recognized shortcomings, which include limited availability, high cost, small samples with uncertain external validity that rarely include all household members, Hawthorne effects, and using only 1 or 2 days to identify \u201cusual intake.\u201d Although Household Consumption and Expenditures Surveys (HCES) also have significant limitations, they are increasingly being used to inform nutrition policy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate differences in fortification simulations based on OWFR and HCES from Bangladesh.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The pre- and postfortification nutrient intake levels from the two surveys were compared.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The total population-based rank orderings of oil, wheat flour, and sugar coverage were identical for the two surveys. OWFR found differences in women's and children's coverage rates and average quantities consumed for all three foods that were not detected by HCES. Guided by the Food Fortification Formulator, we found that these differences did not result in differences in recommended fortification levels. Differences were found, however, in estimated impacts: although both surveys found that oil would be effective in reducing the prevalence of inadequate vitamin A intake among both subpopulations, only OWFR also found that sugar and wheat flour fortification would significantly reduce inadequate vitamin A intake among children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite the less precise measure of food consumption from HCES, the two surveys provide similar guidance for designing a fortification program. The external validity of these findings is limited. With relatively minor modifications, the precision of HCES in dietary assessment and the use of HCES in fortification programming could be strengthened.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/156482651303400414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,25]],"date-time":"2015-11-25T15:54:13Z","timestamp":1448466853000},"page":"520-532","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Policy Implications of Using a Household Consumption and Expenditures Survey versus an Observed-Weighed Food Record Survey to Design a Food Fortification Program"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Keith","family":"Lividini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John L.","family":"Fiedler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Odilia I.","family":"Bermudez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-156482651303400414","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of human nutrition","author":"Neufeld LM","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr2-156482651303400414","volume-title":"Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2010 (RISKESDAS 2010)","author":"National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr3-156482651303400414","volume-title":"Philippine nutrition facts and figures 2008","author":"Food and Nutrition Research Institute\u2014Department of Science and Technology (FNRI-DOST)","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr4-156482651303400414","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195171693.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr5-156482651303400414","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265120333S202"},{"key":"bibr6-156482651303400414","volume-title":"Measuring food security using household expenditure surveys","author":"Smith LC","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr7-156482651303400414","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.4.1017"},{"key":"bibr8-156482651303400414","first-page":"1135","volume":"4","author":"Lagiou P, Trichopoulou A; DAFNE contributors","year":"2001","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"bibr9-156482651303400414","first-page":"1187","volume":"4","author":"Trichopoulou A; DAFNE contributors","year":"2001","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"bibr10-156482651303400414","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS2002188"},{"key":"bibr11-156482651303400414","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20051661"},{"key":"bibr12-156482651303400414","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980007000158"},{"key":"bibr13-156482651303400414","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/156482651203300102"},{"key":"bibr14-156482651303400414","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/156482651003100202"},{"key":"bibr15-156482651303400414","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/156482651003100208"},{"key":"bibr16-156482651303400414","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/156482650903000401"},{"key":"bibr17-156482651303400414","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/156482650802900407"},{"key":"bibr18-156482651303400414","volume-title":"Food insecurity in sub-Saharan Africa: new estimates from household expenditure surveys","author":"Smith LC","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr19-156482651303400414","volume-title":"Deriving food security information from national household budget survey: experiences, achievements, challenges","author":"Sibrian R","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr20-156482651303400414","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1596\/1813-9450-5501"},{"key":"bibr21-156482651303400414","unstructured":"Fiedler JL. Strengthening household income and expenditure surveys as a tool for designing and assessing food fortification programs. Working Paper No. 001 of the International Household Survey Network. 2009. Available at: http:\/\/www.ihsn.org\/home\/sites\/default\/files\/resources\/IHSN-WP001.pdf. Accessed 10 September 2013."},{"key":"bibr22-156482651303400414","volume-title":"Guidelines on food fortification with micronutrients","author":"Allen L","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr23-156482651303400414","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265120333S207"},{"key":"bibr24-156482651303400414","unstructured":"International Household Survey Network (IHSN): Bangladesh, 2005 Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES). Available at: http:\/\/catalog.ihsn.org\/index.php\/catalog\/138. Accessed 10 September 2013."},{"key":"bibr25-156482651303400414","volume-title":"Bangladesh Quarterly Economic Update","author":"Asian Development Bank","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr26-156482651303400414","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.123059"},{"key":"bibr27-156482651303400414","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265120333S203"},{"key":"bibr28-156482651303400414","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265120333S209"},{"key":"bibr29-156482651303400414","unstructured":"US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. 2010. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 23. Nutrient data laboratory home page. Available at: http:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/ba\/bhnrc\/ndl. Accessed 13 August 2013."},{"key":"bibr30-156482651303400414","volume-title":"Dietary reference intakes: applications in dietary planning","author":"Institute of Medicine","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr31-156482651303400414","volume-title":"The food fortification formulator: technical determination of fortification levels and standards for mass fortification","author":"Dary O","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr32-156482651303400414","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2004.03.001"},{"key":"bibr33-156482651303400414","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195122978.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr34-156482651303400414","volume-title":"Recommendations on wheat and maize flour fortification. Meeting Report: Interim Consensus Statement","author":"WHO, FAO, UNICEF, GAIN, MI, and FFI","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr35-156482651303400414","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2012.09.002"}],"container-title":["Food and Nutrition Bulletin"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/156482651303400414","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/156482651303400414","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T06:17:31Z","timestamp":1777443451000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/156482651303400414"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/156482651303400414"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/156482651303400414","relation":{},"ISSN":["0379-5721","1564-8265"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0379-5721","type":"print"},{"value":"1564-8265","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]}}}