{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T17:02:35Z","timestamp":1777741355622,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Information Polity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    \n                    \n                    The article develops a categorization scheme for collective activities facilitated by social media. I introduce a six-part scheme consisting of two distinct dimensions: the character of the activity (deliberative or participatory) and the platform where the activity unfolds\u2014within social media platforms; outside social media platforms but still online; or in offline settings. While existing models provide a foundation for understanding collective actions on social media, they often overlook the nuanced interactions between online and offline activities, and the transition between different characters of collective activities. The proposed model addresses these gaps by incorporating a more granular analysis of activity types and platforms, enhancing our ability to understand and leverage these dynamics for more effective mobilization and advocacy. This categorization is justified and substantiated through a netnographic study of the social media campaign advocating for justice for Roman Zadorov, in Israel.\n                    \n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    \n                    <jats:bold>Key Points for Practitioners<\/jats:bold>\n                    \n                    <jats:list list-type=\"order\">\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Enhanced Framework for Categorization: The article provides a refined classification scheme for understanding collective actions facilitated by social media. This can help public managers and policy analysts better monitor and evaluate the dynamics of online and offline mobilization.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Integration of Online and Offline Activities: The research emphasizes the transition between online participation and offline actions, demonstrating how social media campaigns can lead to offline outcomes. Practitioners can use this insight to bridge their digital engagement strategies with physical community initiatives, fostering a comprehensive approach to public involvement.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          Deliberative and Participatory Dynamics: The distinction between deliberative and participatory activities offers IT architects and policy analysts a nuanced lens for designing and supporting digital platforms that encourage either deep discussion or broad public engagement, based on specific goals and community needs.\n                          \n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15701255241304652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T03:13:01Z","timestamp":1740021181000},"page":"49-64","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Categorizing Social Media-Based Collective Action"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0248-9802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azi","family":"Lev-On","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communication, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","unstructured":"Anderson K. (2011 December 14). The protester: Cover story. Time Magazine. http:\/\/content.time.com\/time\/specials\/packages\/article\/0 28804 2101745_2102132 00.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01944366908977225"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcom.12145"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_1","volume-title":"The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom","author":"Benkler Y.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Benkler Y. (2006). The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom. Yale University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2013.870379"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2885.2005.tb00340.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_1","volume-title":"The Promise and Problems of Online Deliberation","author":"Black L. W.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Black L. W. (2011). The Promise and Problems of Online Deliberation. Kettering Foundation."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1354856517721809"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0267323112441007"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_5_11_1","article-title":"Evolution of digital activism on social media: opportunities and challenges","volume":"32","author":"Castillo-Esparcia A.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Castillo-Esparcia A., Caro-Casta\u00f1o L., Almansa-Mart\u00ednez A. (2023). Evolution of digital activism on social media: opportunities and challenges. Profesional de La Informacion, 32(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3145\/epi.2023.may.03","journal-title":"Profesional de La Informacion"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.polisci.6.121901.085538"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0090591709332336"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444820929678"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_1","volume-title":"When the People Speak: Deliberative Democracy and Public Consultation","author":"Fishkin J.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fishkin J. (2009). When the People Speak: Deliberative Democracy and Public Consultation. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_1","volume-title":"From Participation to Deliberation: A Critical Genealogy of Deliberative Democracy","author":"Floridia A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Floridia A. (2017). From Participation to Deliberation: A Critical Genealogy of Deliberative Democracy. ECPR Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511810503"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19331680903031531"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01972243.2024.2399201"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_1","volume-title":"Digital activism: A hierarchy of political commitment","author":"George J.","unstructured":"George J., Leidner D. (2018, January). Digital activism: A hierarchy of political commitment. Proceedings of the 51st Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci12110616"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2020.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10611-022-10047-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400826339"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2011.591411"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_1","volume-title":"Crowds and communities: Light and heavyweight models of peer production","author":"Haythornthwaite C.","unstructured":"Haythornthwaite C. (2009, January 5\u20138). Crowds and communities: Light and heavyweight models of peer production. Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Big Island, Hawaii. IEEE."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29379\/jedem.v4i2.137"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_1","first-page":"1057","article-title":"The earnest internet vs. The ambivalent internet","volume":"12","author":"Hedrick A.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hedrick A., Karpf D., Kreiss D. (2018). The earnest internet vs. The ambivalent internet. International Journal of Communication, 12, 1057\u20131064.","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/misr.12020"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444818822488"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_1","volume-title":"Netnography: Doing Ethnographic Research Online","author":"Kozinets R. V.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kozinets R. V. (2010). Netnography: Doing Ethnographic Research Online. Sage."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13691181003628307"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15353\/joci.v9i3.3157"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17645\/mac.v10i4.5637"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_1","article-title":"Democratizing the discourse on criminal justice in social media: The activity for justice for Roman Zadorov as a case study","volume":"10","author":"Lev-On A.","unstructured":"Lev-On A. (2023a). Democratizing the discourse on criminal justice in social media: The activity for justice for Roman Zadorov as a case study. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10, Article 770. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/s41599-023-02302-9","journal-title":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_1","volume-title":"The Murder of Tair Rada and the Trial of Roman Zadorov: Establishment, Justice, Citizens and Social Media","author":"Lev-On A.","unstructured":"Lev-On A. (2023b). The Murder of Tair Rada and the Trial of Roman Zadorov: Establishment, Justice, Citizens and Social Media. Yedioth Books."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19331680802076074"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e27895"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:PUCH.0000003735.07840.c7"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_40_1","volume-title":"Beyond Adversary Democracy","author":"Mansbridge J. J.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Mansbridge J. J. (1983). Beyond Adversary Democracy. University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvc773c7"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_42_1","first-page":"151","article-title":"The deliberative citizen: Theory and evidence","volume":"6","author":"Mendelberg T.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mendelberg T. (2002). The deliberative citizen: Theory and evidence. Research in Micropolitics, 6, 151\u2013193.","journal-title":"Research in Micropolitics"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_43_1","first-page":"80","volume-title":"Promoting citizen engagement and community building","author":"Nabatchi T.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nabatchi T., Mergel I. (2010). Participation 2.0: Using internet and social media technologies to promote distributed democracy and create digital neighborhoods. In Svara J. H., Denhardt J. V. (Eds.), Promoting citizen engagement and community building (pp.\u00a080\u201387). Alliance for Innovation."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_44_1","unstructured":"Nazareth District Court. (2010). Ruling in Nazareth District Court Case 502\/07. Nazareth Israel."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_45_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prosocial vs. Trolling community on Facebook: A comparative study of individual group communicative behaviors","volume":"12","author":"Nekmat E.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nekmat E., Lee K. (2018). Prosocial vs. Trolling community on Facebook: A comparative study of individual group communicative behaviors. International Journal of Communication, 12, 1\u201322.","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2012.01630.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/13522751311317558"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0275074004269288"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2013.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2016.1252413"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_51_1","first-page":"211","volume-title":"Citizenship and democracy in an era of crisis","author":"Theocharis Y.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Theocharis Y. (2015). Is digitally networked participation a form of political participation? In Poguntke T., Rossteutscher S., Schmitt-Beck R., Zmerli S. (Eds.), Citizenship and democracy in an era of crisis (pp. 211\u2013227). Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_52_1","volume-title":"Twitter and Tear Gas: The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest","author":"Tufekci Z.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tufekci Z. (2017). Twitter and Tear Gas: The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest. Yale University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764213479375"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2013.867356"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_55_1","first-page":"3426","volume-title":"Goals and tasks: Two typologies of citizen science projects","author":"Wiggins A.","unstructured":"Wiggins A., Crowston K. (2012, January). Goals and tasks: Two typologies of citizen science projects. 2012 45th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, (pp. 3426\u20133435). IEEE."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1940161212471716"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1944-2866.POI360"}],"container-title":["Information Polity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15701255241304652","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/15701255241304652","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15701255241304652","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T11:28:58Z","timestamp":1777462138000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/15701255241304652"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/15701255241304652"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15701255241304652","relation":{},"ISSN":["1570-1255","1875-8754"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1570-1255","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8754","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}}}