{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T17:03:15Z","timestamp":1777741395638,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Information Polity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Successful AI adoption and implementation in public organizations require new technological readiness and recalibration of civil servants\u2019 attitudes and perceptions toward AI. This study utilizes a pretest-posttest survey design to assess the impact of digital governance training on Taiwanese civil servants\u2019 perceptions of AI discretion, specifically examining perceptions of legality, efficiency, and fairness. Findings of this research identify diverse AI attitudes among public employees\u2014optimistic, pessimistic, doubtful, and pragmatic\u2014and assess how these attitudes influence their views on AI's legitimacy. Digital governance training serves as a strategic tool to recalibrate civil servants\u2019 perceptions, particularly effective in mitigating pessimistic views. However, it can also intensify existing beliefs. Optimists tend to view AI's efficiency more positively post-training, whereas doubters become more skeptical about its legality. Overall, the findings suggest that training variably impacts civil servants\u2019 perceptions of AI, highlighting that while it is not a quick remedy, it is a critical tool in managing and shaping administrative attitudes toward AI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15701255251375826","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T17:02:28Z","timestamp":1759165348000},"page":"61-80","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Can Digital Governance Training Harmonize Civil Servants\u2019 Perceptions of AI Decision-Making? A Pre and Post-Test Design"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Hsini","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leiden University, Institute of Public Administration, The Hague, Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4896-1524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Don-Yun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Chengchi University, Department of Public Administration, Taipei City 116,\u00a0R.O.C(Taiwan)"}]},{"given":"Yu-Han","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Chengchi University, Department of Public Administration, Taipei City 116,\u00a0R.O.C(Taiwan)"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2021.101664"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jopart\/muac007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14719037.2022.2042726"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17496535.2019.1664608"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-019-00931-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/puar.12406"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/padm.12137"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2658245"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14719037.2024.2322159"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.14746"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","first-page":"109467052412387","article-title":"Designing collaborative intelligence systems for employee-AI service co-production","author":"Blaurock M.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Blaurock M., B\u00fcttgen M., Schepers J. (2024). Designing collaborative intelligence systems for employee-AI service co-production. Journal of Service Research, 10946705241238751. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10946705241238751","journal-title":"Journal of Service Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","volume-title":"Superintelligence: Paths, dangers, strategies (pp. xvi, 328)","author":"Bostrom N.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bostrom N. (2014). Superintelligence: Paths, dangers, strategies (pp. xvi, 328). Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0033-3352.00168"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14719037.2012.707681"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14719037.2013.771699"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0275074019856123"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ppmgov\/gvac006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2018.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/puar.13293"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","first-page":"797","article-title":"The automated administrative state: A crisis of legitimacy","volume":"70","author":"Calo R.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Calo R., Citron D. (2021). The automated administrative state: A crisis of legitimacy. Emory Law Journal, 70(4), 797\u2013845.","journal-title":"Emory Law Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0734371X19872244"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","unstructured":"Chien C. V. Kim M. (2024). Generative AI and Legal Aid: Results from a Field Study and 100 Use Cases to Bridge the Access to Justice Gap (SSRN Scholarly Paper No. 4733061). Social Science Research Network. https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/abstract=4733061."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2024.102258"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2012.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jopart\/mun021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14719037.2021.1937684"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00910260221111744"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720819862916"},{"issue":"0","key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"More than a digital system: How AI is changing the role of bureaucrats in different organizational contexts","volume":"26","author":"Giest S.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Giest S., Klievink B. (2024). More than a digital system: How AI is changing the role of bureaucrats in different organizational contexts. Public Management Review, 26(0), 1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14719037.2022.2095001","journal-title":"Public Management Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.0269"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.1.11222"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ppmgov\/gvac008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/550324a"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","volume-title":"Nexus: A Brief History of Information Networks from the Stone Age to AI","author":"Harari Y. N.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Harari Y. N. (2024). Nexus: A Brief History of Information Networks from the Stone Age to AI. Random House."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167900300406"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2020.101495"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","volume-title":"AI vs. Human Intelligence: Why Computers Will Never Create Disruptive Innovations","author":"Jankel N. S.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jankel N. S. (2015). AI vs. Human Intelligence: Why Computers Will Never Create Disruptive Innovations. HuffPost. https:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/nick-seneca-jankel\/ai-vs-human-intelligence-_b_6741814.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0894439320980118"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19331681.2014.908155"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2018.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00910260221126498"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/polsoc\/puae020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kattel R. Mergel I. (2019). Estonia\u2019s Digital Transformation: Mission Mystique and the Hiding Hand. https:\/\/kops.uni-konstanz.de\/handle\/123456789\/46939.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198843719.003.0008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2016.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","volume-title":"Evaluating training programs: The four levels","author":"Kirkpatrick D.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kirkpatrick D., Kirkpatrick J. (2006). Evaluating training programs: The four levels. Berrett-Koehler Publishers."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14719037.2019.1638442"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","volume-title":"The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology","author":"Kurzweil R.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kurzweil R. (2005). The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology (First Edition). The Viking Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.telpol.2020.101976"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.1005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00221546.1991.11774123"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2022.101774"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.futures.2017.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3110340"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/976648"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14719037.2023.2231950"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9299.2012.02105.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/padm.12879"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_1","volume-title":"Annual Report 2012","author":"Ombudsman E.","unstructured":"Ombudsman E. (2013, May 27). Annual Report 2012. European Ombudsman. https:\/\/www.ombudsman.europa.eu\/en\/publication\/en\/50250."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0275074013510771"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13132-023-01433-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jpart.a024303"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019251219301400406"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6210.2011.02368.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01900692.2020.1742738"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2018.1424632"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_67_1","first-page":"443","article-title":"States, agencies, and legitimacy","volume":"67","author":"Seifter M.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Seifter M. (2014). States, agencies, and legitimacy Vanderbilt Law Review, 67(2), 443\u2013504.","journal-title":"Vanderbilt Law Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/puar.13602"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2019.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2018.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0020852317700481"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veale M. Brass I. (2019). Administration by Algorithm? Public Management meets Public Sector Machine Learning. SocArXiv Article mwhnb. https:\/\/ideas.repec.org\/\/p\/osf\/socarx\/mwhnb.html.","DOI":"10.31235\/osf.io\/mwhnb"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_73_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"AI And bureaucratic discretion","volume":"68","author":"Vredenburgh K.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vredenburgh K. (2023). AI And bureaucratic discretion Inquiry, 68(4), 1\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0020174X.2023.2261468","journal-title":"Inquiry"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2019.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/974004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_1","volume-title":"Economy and Society (G. Roth & C. Wittich, Eds.; Reprint edition)","author":"Weber M.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Weber M. (1978). Economy and Society (G. Roth & C. Wittich, Eds.; Reprint edition). University of California Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/261181"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/puar.13699"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_1","volume-title":"Research Methods for the Social Sciences","author":"Wellington J.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wellington J., Szczerbinski M. (2007). Research Methods for the Social Sciences (1st Ed.). Continuum.","edition":"1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2022.101681"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2139277"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_82_1","first-page":"301","article-title":"Artificial discretion as a tool of governance: A framework for understanding the impact of artificial intelligence on public administration","volume":"2","author":"Young M. M.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Young M. M., Bullock J. B., Lecy J. D. (2019). Artificial discretion as a tool of governance: A framework for understanding the impact of artificial intelligence on public administration. Perspectives on Public Management and Governance, 2(4), 301\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ppmgov\/gvz014","journal-title":"Perspectives on Public Management and Governance"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0162243915605575"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2021.101577"}],"container-title":["Information Polity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15701255251375826","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/15701255251375826","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15701255251375826","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T11:29:04Z","timestamp":1777462144000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/15701255251375826"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/15701255251375826"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15701255251375826","relation":{},"ISSN":["1570-1255","1875-8754"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1570-1255","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8754","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]}}}