{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T09:36:36Z","timestamp":1780392996803,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Applied Ontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Foundational ontologies are usually developed in powerful logical languages, while they are often implemented in applications via their formalisations in the Web Ontology language (OWL). These OWL formalisations are in fact approximations of the original theories, to cope with the well-known limited expressivity of OWL. In this paper, we propose a novel modular approach to the OWL rendering of the Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering (\n                    <jats:sc>dolce<\/jats:sc>\n                    ). We start presenting two fundamental modules of\n                    <jats:sc>dolce<\/jats:sc>\n                    in OWL 2: (i) a core module of\n                    <jats:sc>dolce<\/jats:sc>\n                    (termed \u2018DOLCEbasic\n                    <jats:sub>OWL<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2019), which provides the main taxonomy and the binary relations of the foundational ontology and (ii) an extension (termed \u2018DOLCEnaryRel\n                    <jats:sub>OWL<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2019) to deal with the\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi>\n                      <\/mml:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    -ary relations of\n                    <jats:sc>dolce<\/jats:sc>\n                    (for\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi>\n                        <mml:mo>&gt;<\/mml:mo>\n                        <mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn>\n                      <\/mml:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ). We examine how the OWL rendering requires approaching delicate and truly ontological issues to motivate the choices made to circumvent the limited expressivity. To provide a minimal justification of our approximation, we establish that the OWL 2 versions are compatible with the original version of\n                    <jats:sc>dolce<\/jats:sc>\n                    by offering an automated proof that the first-order version of\n                    <jats:sc>dolce<\/jats:sc>\n                    entails the translations into first-order logic of the OWL 2 modules. Other adequacy criteria are then discussed. Finally, we illustrate the functioning of our rendering by means of examples. We conclude by discussing a number of other modules to cope with other core concepts and specific domains.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15705838251401450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T13:04:07Z","timestamp":1765803847000},"page":"298-329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Approximating DOLCE in OWL: The DOLCEbasic and DOLCEnaryRel Core Modules"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3655-0218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Porello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e1 di Genova"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8902-361X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter","family":"Terkaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"STIIMA, National Research Council (CNR), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0303-0531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laure","family":"Vieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRIT, French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), France"},{"name":"ISTC Laboratory for Applied Ontology, National Research Council (CNR), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2511-2853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilio M","family":"Sanfilippo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISTC Laboratory for Applied Ontology, National Research Council (CNR), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Compagno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISTC Laboratory for Applied Ontology, National Research Council (CNR), Italy"},{"name":"Doctorate Programme in Industrial Innovation, University of Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/AO-190214"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/AO-210259"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","volume-title":"First-order modal logic","author":"Fitting M.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fitting M., Mendelsohn R. 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