{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T01:09:17Z","timestamp":1777943357982,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiagent and Grid Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Mobile agents offer numerous benefits in healthcare but encounter critical security challenges, including masquerading, unauthorized access, and data tampering, primarily due to reduced control and visibility during migration. To address these issues, this paper proposes a blockchain-based model to enhance the security of mobile agents in healthcare. The model integrates blockchain technology to secure mobile agents, and eliminate malicious agents, utilizing a smart contract to regulate communications between agents and the blockchain. The design, implementation, and evaluation of the model are detailed, with security tested against various attack scenarios. Experimental results demonstrate the model\u2019s ability to monitor patients accurately with minimal latency and achieve a 100% detection rate for malicious agents. Detection times vary based on attack type, with a maximum average of 7400\u2009ms for integrity breach detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15741702251334758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T02:55:13Z","timestamp":1748919313000},"page":"56-69","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A blockchain to secure mobile agents in healthcare"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9434-2698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manal","family":"Alruqi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1470-0564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lobna","family":"Hsairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Systems and Technology, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4610-2972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ala\u2019","family":"Eshmawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cybersecurity, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5546-7367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hela","family":"Hachicha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14257\/ijgdc.2015.8.5.05"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3095797"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanaoui S Laassiri J Berguig Y. Security requirements and model for mobile agent authentication. In: Smart network inspired paradigm and approaches in IoT applications. Springer 2019 pp.179\u2013189.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-8614-5_11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"743","article-title":"An approach to secure mobile agent communication in multi-agent systems","volume":"12","author":"Ogunnusi OS","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ogunnusi OS, Razak SA, Adu MK. An approach to secure mobile agent communication in multi-agent systems. Int J Comput Inf Eng 2018; 12: 743\u2013747.","journal-title":"Int J Comput Inf Eng"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","first-page":"91","article-title":"A reliability based approach for securing migrating crawlers","volume":"10","author":"Singhal N","year":"2018","unstructured":"Singhal N, Dixit A, Agarwal RP, et al. A reliability based approach for securing migrating crawlers. Int J Inf Technol 2018; 10: 91\u201398.","journal-title":"Int J Inf Technol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","unstructured":"Nakamoto S. Bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system. Technical report Manubot 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calvaresi D Dubovitskaya A Calbimonte JP et al. Multi-agent systems and blockchain: results from a systematic literature review. In: International conference on practical applications of agents and multi-agent systems 2018 pp.110\u2013126. Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-94580-4_9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alruqi M Hsairi L Eshmawi A. Secure mobile agents for patient status telemonitoring using blockchain. In: Proceedings of the 18th international conference on advances in mobile computing & multimedia 2020 pp.224\u2013228.","DOI":"10.1145\/3428690.3429181"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10515-023-00408-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12720\/jcm.15.3.221-230"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3606424"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanaoui S Berguig Y Laassiri J. On the security communication and migration in mobile agent systems. In: International conference on advanced intelligent systems for sustainable development 2018 pp.302\u2013313. Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-11928-7_27"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23311916.2022.2035134"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3207803"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","first-page":"102748","article-title":"Agent architecture of an intelligent medical system based on federated learning and blockchain technology","volume":"58","author":"Po\u0142ap D","year":"2021","unstructured":"Po\u0142ap D, Srivastava G, Yu K. Agent architecture of an intelligent medical system based on federated learning and blockchain technology. J Inf Secur Appl 2021; 58: 102748.","journal-title":"J Inf Secur Appl"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48084\/etasr.3394"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lad K Dewan MAA Lin F. Trust management for multi-agent systems using smart contracts. In: 2020 IEEE international conference on dependable autonomic and secure computing international conference on pervasive intelligence and computing international conference on cloud and big data computing international conference on cyber science and technology congress (DASC\/PiCom\/CBDCom\/CyberSciTech) 2020 pp.414\u2013419. IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/DASC-PICom-CBDCom-CyberSciTech49142.2020.00080"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/info10120363"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gamidullaeva L Finogeev A Vasin S et al. Smart contracts for multi-agent interaction of regional innovation subjects. In: Conference on creativity in intelligent technologies and data science 2019 pp.420\u2013434. Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-29743-5_34"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishita I Kulkarni D Semwal T et al. On securing mobile agents using blockchain technology. In: 2019 Second international conference on advanced computational and communication paradigms (ICACCP) 2019 pp.1\u20135. IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACCP.2019.8882907"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirks T Uhlott T Jost J. The use of blockchain technology for private data handling for mobile agents in human-technology interaction. In: 2019 IEEE international conference on cybernetics and intelligent systems (CIS) and IEEE conference on robotics automation and mechatronics (RAM) 2019 pp.445\u2013450. IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/CIS-RAM47153.2019.9095771"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3071431"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calvaresi D Dubovitskaya A Retaggi D et al. Trusted registration negotiation and service evaluation in multi-agent systems throughout the blockchain technology. In: 2018 IEEE\/WIC\/ACM international conference on web intelligence (WI) 2018 pp.56\u201363. IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/WI.2018.0-107"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","unstructured":"Github-trufflesuite\/truffle: a tool for developing smart contracts."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","unstructured":"Mythx: smart contract security service for ethereum."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","unstructured":"Github - trufflesuite\/ganache: a tool for creating a local blockchain for fast ethereum development."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","unstructured":"Testnet rinkeby (ETH) blockchain explorer."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","unstructured":"de la Iglesia DH Gonz\u00e1lez GV Barriuso AL et al. Monitoring and analysis of vital signs of a patient through a multi-agent application system. 2016."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Ahmad M Al Hemairy M Amin S. A new algorithm for online diseases diagnosis. In: 2018 Innovations in intelligent systems and applications (INISTA). IEEE 2018 pp.1\u201314.","DOI":"10.1109\/INISTA.2018.8466274"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc7040165"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","article-title":"A blockchain-based scheme for secure data offloading in healthcare with deep reinforcement learning","author":"He Q","year":"2023","unstructured":"He Q, Feng Z, Fang H, et al. A blockchain-based scheme for secure data offloading in healthcare with deep reinforcement learning. IEEE ACM Trans Netw 2023.","journal-title":"IEEE ACM Trans Netw"}],"container-title":["Multiagent and Grid Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15741702251334758","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/15741702251334758","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15741702251334758","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T07:23:38Z","timestamp":1777706618000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/15741702251334758"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/15741702251334758"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15741702251334758","relation":{},"ISSN":["1574-1702","1875-9076"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1574-1702","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-9076","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}}}