{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T11:04:51Z","timestamp":1790679891666,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]],"date-time":"2023-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687392000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Interv Neuroradiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVM) are complex vascular diseases. Several models have been used to simulate endovascular treatments; thus\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      models have not been widely employed because it has been difficult to recreate realistic phantoms of this disease.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To describe the development and evaluate the preliminary experience of a novel bAVM\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      model for endovascular embolization using millifluidic three-dimensional (3D) printing technology.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We designed a bAVM phantom starting from simple to more complex designs, composed of a nidus, feeding arteries and draining vein. We recreate the design by using millifluidic technology with stereolithography 3D printing. Structural and functional tests were performed using angiographic images and computer flow dynamics. Treatment simulations with ethylene vinyl alcohol were tested using two different microcatheter position techniques. A Likert-scale questionnaire was applied to perform a qualitative evaluation of the model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We developed a realistic model of a bAVM with hollow channels. The structural evaluation showed a high precision of the 3D printing process. Embolization tests with the liquid agent gave similar sensations and material behaviour as\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      cases. There were no significant differences between microcatheter position techniques, thus we observed a trend for better nidus filling with a deeper in-nidus position technique.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We were able to create and test a novel bAVM\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      model with stereolithography 3D printing in resin. It showed a high capacity for simulating endovascular embolization characteristics, with an excellent user experience. It could be potentially used for training and testing of bAVM embolizations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15910199231184605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,24]],"date-time":"2023-06-24T07:31:01Z","timestamp":1687591861000},"page":"1342-1349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Endovascular treatment simulations using a novel\n                    <i>in vitro<\/i>\n                    brain arteriovenous malformation model based on three-dimensional printing millifluidic technology"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8991-0972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Rivera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroradiology Department, Instituto de Neurocirugia Dr Asenjo, Santiago, Chile"},{"name":"CNRS XLIM UMLR 7252, Universit\u00e9 de Limoges, Limoges, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alvaro","family":"Cespedes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Design and Manufacturing, Universidad Santa Maria, Vi\u00f1a del Mar, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7524-7273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Pablo","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroradiology Department, Instituto de Neurocirugia Dr Asenjo, Santiago, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gladys Carlota","family":"Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alvaro","family":"Valencia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0902-3375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aymeric","family":"Rouchaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS XLIM UMLR 7252, Universit\u00e9 de Limoges, Limoges, France"},{"name":"Neuroradiology Department, CHU, Limoges, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charbel","family":"Mounayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS XLIM UMLR 7252, Universit\u00e9 de Limoges, Limoges, France"},{"name":"Neuroradiology Department, CHU, Limoges, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1607407"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp067192"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1632"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62302-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyx581"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.2.JNS09830"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2020-016566"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurad.2013.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","article-title":"Experimental investigation of transvenous embolization of arteriovenous malformations using different in vivo models","author":"Vollherbst DF","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vollherbst DF, Hantz M, Schmitt N, et al. 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