{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T01:14:24Z","timestamp":1777943664094,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,25]],"date-time":"2020-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585094400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vascular"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thromboangiitis obliterans is a nonatherosclerotic occlusive disease, affecting small to moderate sized arteries of the upper and lower extremities, leading to progressive inflammation and clot formation. However, the role of humoral and cell-mediated immunity in the development of this disease has not been clearly identified. The present study was intended to investigate the humoral and cellular immune response in patients with Buerger\u2019s disease with different disease severity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In an observational study, 80 male patients with Buerger\u2019s disease were included and categorized into three groups (mild, moderate, and severe) based on clinical manifestations. After blood sampling, cellular phenotypes were determined, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, immunoglobulins (Ig) A, M, G, and E, as well as C3 and C4 components of the complement system and complement hemolytic activity (CH50) were measured.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mean age of the patient was 42.85\u2009\u00b1\u20098.39\u2009years. Pulse abnormality, cold intolerance, and claudication were the most common symptoms. Eleven (13.75%), 46 (57.50%), and 23 (28.75%) patients had mild, moderate, and severe symptoms. Regression analyses showed that the presence of severe symptoms was significantly associated with elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C4 levels ( p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Buerger\u2019s disease in severe cases was associated with increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate and abnormal C4 levels. The alterations in these inflammatory biomarkers might be due to a secondary inflammatory response to the presence of ulcer or gangrene and the inflammatory process in patients with severe symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1708538120910055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,26]],"date-time":"2020-03-26T01:27:50Z","timestamp":1585186070000},"page":"457-464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Humoral and cellular immune response to Buerger\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Seyed Morteza","family":"Ehteshamfar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jalil Tavakkol","family":"Afshari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"},{"name":"Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2724-7463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad-Hadi S.","family":"Modaghegh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Mahmoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gholam Hosein","family":"Kazemzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh Sadeghipour","family":"Kermani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1708538120910055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35248\/2684-1630.16.1.114"},{"key":"bibr2-1708538120910055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Narv\u00e1ez J, Garc\u00eda-G\u00f3mez C, \u00c1lvarez L, et\u00a0al.  Efficacy of bosentan in patients with refractory thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger disease): a case series and review of the literature.\n                      Medicine\n                      2016; 95: e5511.","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005511"},{"key":"bibr3-1708538120910055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2016.03.028"},{"key":"bibr4-1708538120910055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez-Ruiz C, Dale L, Mochales JA, et\u00a0al.  Smoking characteristics and cessation in patients with thromboangiitis obliterans.\n                      Monaldi Arch Chest Dis\n                      2006; 65: 217-221.","DOI":"10.4081\/monaldi.2006.552"},{"key":"bibr5-1708538120910055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2015.07.014"},{"key":"bibr6-1708538120910055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.15-191"},{"key":"bibr7-1708538120910055","unstructured":"Kaskurthy S, Gautam A, Ghimire S, et\u00a0al. Cannabis use: increasing risk of thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger\u2019s disease).\n                      World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences\n                      2015; 4: 1582-1588."},{"key":"bibr8-1708538120910055","author":"De JH","journal-title":"BMJ Case Reports"},{"key":"bibr9-1708538120910055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-152-4-201002160-00006"},{"key":"bibr10-1708538120910055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2009.12.003"},{"key":"bibr11-1708538120910055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(78)90041-7"},{"key":"bibr12-1708538120910055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.03.045"},{"key":"bibr13-1708538120910055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611177104"},{"key":"bibr14-1708538120910055","volume":"9","author":"Cacione DG","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"bibr15-1708538120910055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2005.11.020"},{"key":"bibr16-1708538120910055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2011.11.005"},{"key":"bibr17-1708538120910055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.06.002"},{"key":"bibr18-1708538120910055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2005.10.003"},{"key":"bibr19-1708538120910055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.31661\/gmj.v7i0.1110","volume":"7","author":"Marzouni HZ","year":"2018","journal-title":"Galen Med J"},{"key":"bibr20-1708538120910055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s005950070099"},{"key":"bibr21-1708538120910055","first-page":"502","volume":"18","author":"Salimi J","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Coll Physicians Surg Pak"},{"key":"bibr22-1708538120910055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1708538114552838"},{"key":"bibr23-1708538120910055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01616231"},{"key":"bibr24-1708538120910055","first-page":"455","volume":"32","author":"Mellors RC","year":"1956","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"bibr25-1708538120910055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-81-1-19"},{"key":"bibr26-1708538120910055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12510321"},{"key":"bibr27-1708538120910055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)93250-4"},{"key":"bibr28-1708538120910055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780150202"},{"key":"bibr29-1708538120910055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(99)70273-9"},{"key":"bibr30-1708538120910055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr.08.2011.4621"},{"key":"bibr31-1708538120910055","first-page":"219","volume":"23","author":"Slavov E","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"bibr32-1708538120910055","first-page":"821","volume":"30","author":"Roncon de Albuquerque R","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"bibr33-1708538120910055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang Z-H, Kuo S-Y, Chiu Y-H, et\u00a0al.  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