{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T01:14:53Z","timestamp":1777943693182,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]],"date-time":"2020-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595289600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vascular"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The world is witnessing an unprecedented crisis with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It is important to accurately analyze the available evidence to provide correct clinical guidance for optimal patient care. We aim to discuss current clinical evidence regarding chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, remdesivir, and the cardiovascular burden of COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A literature review was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar. Additional clinical trials were identified through the \u201cTrialsTracker\u201d project.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found conflicting evidence of chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine plus azithromycin, and remdesivir in COVID-19 despite promising early reports of in vitro antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Some of the current studies have demonstrated adverse drug reactions to chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine\u2009+\u2009azithromycin. Widespread systemic inflammation and procoagulant\/hypercoagulable state, including thrombotic microangiopathy, endothelial dysfunction, bleeding disorder, and thrombosis are increasingly being witnessed in COVID-19. Evidence of cardiac injury and stroke is mostly reported in hospitalized patients; however, large specialized studies that focus on cardiac or neuropathology are lacking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is no convincing clinical evidence of chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin, and remdesivir use in COVID-19. As evidence of systemic inflammation is rapidly unfolding, there is a dire need to maximize our resources to find the best possible solutions to the current crisis while conclusive evidence from clinical trials emerges.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1708538120941635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]],"date-time":"2020-07-21T03:26:01Z","timestamp":1595301961000},"page":"220-227","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antimalarial and cytotoxic drugs on COVID-19 and the cardiovascular burden: Literature review and lessons to be learned"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8767-4929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sherif","family":"Sultan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Vascular Institute, Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital Galway, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Surgery, Galway Clinic, Doughiska, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1829-5911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yogesh","family":"Acharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Vascular Institute, Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital Galway, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Surgery, Galway Clinic, Doughiska, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1708538120941635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai J, Sun W, Huang J, et al. 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DOI:10.1001\/jama.2020.6019.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6019"},{"key":"bibr4-1708538120941635","unstructured":"Covid19.trialstracker.net [Internet], http:\/\/covid19.trialstracker.net\/ (2020, accessed 21 April 2020)."},{"key":"bibr5-1708538120941635","unstructured":"Briefing Statements | The White House [Internet]. The White House, https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/briefings-statements\/ (2020, accessed 21 April 2020)."},{"key":"bibr6-1708538120941635","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1990.6.481"},{"key":"bibr7-1708538120941635","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1993.9.91"},{"key":"bibr8-1708538120941635","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(96)80063-4"},{"key":"bibr9-1708538120941635","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/088922299310133"},{"key":"bibr10-1708538120941635","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(00)00139-6"},{"key":"bibr11-1708538120941635","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(00)00140-2"},{"key":"bibr12-1708538120941635","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-2-69"},{"key":"bibr13-1708538120941635","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00806-5"},{"key":"bibr14-1708538120941635","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70361-9"},{"key":"bibr15-1708538120941635","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017"},{"key":"bibr16-1708538120941635","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25709"},{"key":"bibr17-1708538120941635","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0282-0"},{"key":"bibr18-1708538120941635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao X, Ye F, Zhang M, et\u00a0al. In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [published online ahead of print, 2020 Mar 9].\n                      Clin Infect Dis\n                      2020; ciaa237. DOI: 10.1093\/cid\/ciaa237.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa237"},{"key":"bibr19-1708538120941635","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2020.01047"},{"key":"bibr20-1708538120941635","unstructured":"Chen J, Liu D, Liu L, et al. A pilot study of hydroxychloroquine in treatment of patients with moderate COVID-19.\n                      J Zhejiang Univ (Med Sci)\n                      2020; 49: 215\u2013219. DOI: 10.3785\/j.issn.1008-9292.2020.03.03"},{"key":"bibr21-1708538120941635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahevas M, Tran Vt Roumier M, et\u00a0al. 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No evidence of rapid antiviral clearance or clinical benefit with the combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in patients with severe COVID-19 infection [Article in French].\n                      Med Mal Infect\n                      2020; pii: S0399-077X(20)30085-8.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2020.03.006"},{"key":"bibr26-1708538120941635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gautret P, Lagier JC, Parola P, et\u00a0al. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial [published online ahead of print, 2020 Mar 20].\n                      Int J Antimicrob Agents\n                      2020; 105949. DOI: 10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949"},{"key":"bibr27-1708538120941635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borba M, Val FdA, Sampaio VS, et\u00a0al. 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