{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T01:15:47Z","timestamp":1777943747746,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648425600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Diabetes"},{"name":"Digestive and Kidney Diseases","award":["U01DK060990"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DK060990"]}]},{"name":"Digestive and Kidney Diseases","award":["U01DK060984"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DK060984"]}]},{"name":"Digestive and Kidney Diseases","award":["U01DK061022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DK061022"]}]},{"name":"Digestive and Kidney Diseases","award":["U01DK061021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DK061021"]}]},{"name":"Digestive and Kidney Diseases","award":["U01DK061028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DK061028"]}]},{"name":"Digestive and Kidney Diseases","award":["U01DK060980"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DK060980"]}]},{"name":"Digestive and Kidney Diseases","award":["U01DK060963"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DK060963"]}]},{"name":"Digestive and Kidney Diseases","award":["U01DK060902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DK060902"]}]},{"name":"Digestive and Kidney Diseases","award":["U24DK060990"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24DK060990"]}]},{"name":"University of Pennsylvania Clinical and Translational Science Award NIH\/NCATS","award":["UL1TR000003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR000003"]}]},{"name":"Johns Hopkins University","award":["UL1 TR-000424"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR-000424"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008510","name":"University of Maryland","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["GCRC M01 RR-16500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GCRC M01 RR-16500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008510","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["UL1TR000439"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR000439"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008269","name":"Michigan Institute for Clinical and Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["UL1TR000433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR000433"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"University of Illinois at Chicago CTSA","award":["UL1RR029879"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1RR029879"]}]},{"name":"Tulane COBRE for Clinical and Translational Research in Cardiometabolic Diseases","award":["P20 GM109036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20 GM109036"]}]},{"name":"Kaiser Permanente NIH\/NCRR UCSF-CTSI","award":["UL1 RR-024131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 RR-024131"]}]},{"name":"University of New Mexico School of Medicine Albuquerque","award":["NM R01DK119199"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NM R01DK119199"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vascular"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The association between socioeconomic factors and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) has not been as well characterized as other cardiovascular conditions. We sought to define how annual income and education level are associated with PAD in a well-characterized diverse set of adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study (CRIC) is a multi-center, prospective cohort study designed to examine risk factors for progression of CKD and cardiovascular disease. Demographic, income, and education-level data, as well as clinical data including ankle-brachial index (ABI) were collected at baseline. Annual income was categorized as &lt; $25,000, $25,000\u201350,000, $50,000\u2013100,000, or above $100,000; educational level was categorized as some high school, high school graduate, some college, or college graduate. Participants with missing income data or incompressible ABI (&gt;1.4) were excluded from initial analysis. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association of income and\/or education level with PAD, defined as an enrollment ABI of &lt;0.90, history of PAD, or history of PAD intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 4122 were included, mean age of participants was 59.5\u00a0years, 56% were male, and 44% were Black. There were 763 CRIC participants with PAD at study enrollment (18.5%). In the final multivariable logistic regression model, Black race (OR = 1.3, 95% CI 1.1\u20131.6, p = 0.004) and level of annual household income remained independently associated with PAD at the time of enrollment (income &lt;$25,000 OR = 1.9, 95% CI 1.3\u20132.8, p &lt; 0.001; income $25,000\u201350,000 OR = 1.6, 95% CI 1.1\u20132.3, p = 0.011; income $50,000\u2013100,000 OR = 1.2, 95% CI 0.9\u20131.8, p = 0.246), relative to a baseline annual income of &gt;$100,000 (overall p-value &lt;0.001). Decreasing level of educational attainment was not independently associated with increased PAD at enrollment, but lower level of educational attainment was associated with increased PAD when income data was not adjusted for ( p = 0.001). Interestingly, Black race (OR = 0.7, 95% CI 0.6\u20130.8, p &lt; 0.001), female gender (OR = 0.8, 95% CI 0.7\u20130.9, p = 0.007), and income &lt;$25,000 (OR = 0.7, 95% CI 0.5\u20130.9, p = 0.008) were significantly associated with decreased statin use even after controlling for cardiovascular conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this prospectively followed CKD cohort, lower annual household income and Black race were significantly associated with increased PAD at study enrollment. In contrast, educational level was not associated with PAD when adjusted for patient income data. Black race, female gender, and low income were independently associated with decreased statin use, populations which could be targets of future public health programs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/17085381211053492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T05:03:43Z","timestamp":1648443823000},"page":"39-46","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Socioeconomic characteristics of those with peripheral artery disease in the chronic renal insufficiency cohort"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1599-0890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordan B","family":"Stoecker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jordana B","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renal, Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"},{"name":"Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Belkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing C","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raymond R","family":"Townsend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renal, Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"},{"name":"Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dawei","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harold I","family":"Feldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renal, Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"},{"name":"Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grace J","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the CRIC Study 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