{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T05:29:49Z","timestamp":1784698189067,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665532800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Can Pharm J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in Canada. Smoking cessation programs (SCPs) that are effective, cost-effective and widely available are needed to help smokers quit. Pharmacists are uniquely positioned to provide such services. This study compares the abstinence rates between 2 pharmacist-led SCPs and the cost-effectiveness between these and a comparator group. The study was conducted in St. John\u2019s, Newfoundland and Labrador.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This pragmatic, mixed-method trial randomized smokers to either an existing intensive SCP or a new abbreviated SCP designed for community pharmacies. The primary outcome was 6-month abstinence rates. Cost-effectiveness was determined using abstinence rates for the SCPs and a comparator group. Incremental costs per additional quit were calculated for the trial duration, and incremental costs per life-year gained were estimated over a lifetime.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Quit rates for the SCPs were 36% (intensive) and 22% (abbreviated) ( p = 0.199). Incremental costs per life-year gained for the SCPs were $1576 (intensive) and $1836 (abbreviated). The incremental costs per additional quit, relative to the comparator group, for the SCPs were $1217 (intensive) and $1420 (abbreviated).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both SCPs helped smokers quit, and quit rates exceeded those reported for a comparator group that included a general population of adult smokers (~7%). The incremental costs per additional quit for both SCPs compare favourably to those reported for other initiatives such as quit lines and hospital-based interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pharmacist-led smoking cessation programs are effective and highly cost-effective. Widespread implementation, facilitated by remuneration, has potential to lower smoking prevalence and associated costs and harms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/17151635221128263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T09:20:10Z","timestamp":1665566410000},"page":"334-344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of an intensive and abbreviated individualized smoking cessation program delivered by pharmacists: A pragmatic, mixed-method, randomized trial"],"prefix":"10.3138","volume":"155","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4169-0725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leslie C.E.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John\u2019s, NL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terri L.","family":"Genge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2940-3631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W. Joy","family":"Maddigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1696","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-17151635221128263","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Tobacco facts. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/tobacco (accessed Feb. 18, 2021)."},{"key":"bibr2-17151635221128263","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health effects of smoking and tobacco use. 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Seizing the opportunity: the future of tobacco control in Canada. Available: https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/programs\/future-tobacco-control\/future-tobacco-control.html (accessed Feb. 19, 2021)."},{"key":"bibr8-17151635221128263","unstructured":"Canadian Pharmacists Association and Neighbourhood Pharmacy Association of Canada. Covid-19 vaccine and pharmacy readiness. Available: https:\/\/www.pharmacists.ca\/cpha-ca\/assets\/File\/cpha-on-the-issues\/COVID-VaccinePharmacyReadiness_EN.pdf (accessed Feb. 19, 2021)."},{"key":"bibr9-17151635221128263","unstructured":"Canadian Pharmacists Association. Pharmacy in Canada. 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