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However, acquiring such images is often challenging due to various factors, including accessibility, costs, and pathology-related variability. As a result, datasets tend to be limited and typically imbalanced. To address this challenge, synthesizing photo-realistic images through advanced data augmentation techniques is essential. In this paper, we propose a hybrid inductive-deductive approach to this problem. Specifically, starting from a limited set of real labeled images, our framework leverages logic programs to declaratively specify the structure of new images. This ensures compliance with both domain-specific constraints and desired properties. The generated labeled images then undergo a deep learning-based process to create photo-realistic images that accurately adhere to the generated labels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/17248035251366212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T23:11:42Z","timestamp":1767654702000},"page":"93-107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Data Augmentation: A Combined Inductive-Deductive Approach Featuring Answer Set Programming"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0832-0151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierangela","family":"Bruno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Calabria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0866-0834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Calimeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Calabria"},{"name":"DLVSystem Srl, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3920-8186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cinzia","family":"Marte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Calabria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8036-5709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Perri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Calabria"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1471068420000046"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/FI-2016-1396"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjimei.2020.100004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alviano M. 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