{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T10:08:06Z","timestamp":1777543686818,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]],"date-time":"2011-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1301616000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Trials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background Chronic kidney disease is associated with a marked increase in risk for left ventricular hypertrophy and cardiovascular mortality compared with the general population. Therapy with vitamin D receptor activators has been linked with reduced mortality in chronic kidney disease and an improvement in left ventricular hypertrophy in animal studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Purpose PRIMO ( Paricalcitol capsules benefits in Renal failure Induced cardia MOrbidity) is a multinational, multicenter randomized controlled trial to assess the effects of paricalcitol (a selective vitamin D receptor activator) on mild to moderate left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with chronic kidney disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods Subjects with mild-moderate chronic kidney disease are randomized to paricalcitol or placebo after confirming left ventricular hypertrophy using a cardiac echocardiogram. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is then used to assess left ventricular mass index at baseline, 24 and 48 weeks, which is the primary efficacy endpoint of the study. Because of limited prior data to estimate sample size, a maximum information group sequential design with sample size re-estimation is implemented to allow sample size adjustment based on the nuisance parameter estimated using the interim data. An interim efficacy analysis is planned at a pre-specified time point conditioned on the status of enrollment. The decision to increase sample size depends on the observed treatment effect. A repeated measures analysis model, using available data at Week 24 and 48 with a backup model of an ANCOVA analyzing change from baseline to the final nonmissing observation, are pre-specified to evaluate the treatment effect. Gamma-family of spending function is employed to control family-wise Type I error rate as stopping for success is planned in the interim efficacy analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Limitations If enrollment is slower than anticipated, the smaller sample size used in the interim efficacy analysis and the greater percent of missing week 48 data might decrease the parameter estimation accuracy, either for the nuisance parameter or for the treatment effect, which might in turn affect the interim decision-making.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions The application of combining a group sequential design with a sample-size re-estimation in clinical trial design has the potential to improve efficiency and to increase the probability of trial success while ensuring integrity of the study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1740774511399128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,8]],"date-time":"2011-04-08T13:21:45Z","timestamp":1302268905000},"page":"165-174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The use of group sequential, information-based sample size re-estimation                in the design of the PRIMO study of chronic kidney disease"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Yili","family":"Pritchett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yannis","family":"Jemiai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cytel Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuchiao","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General\r            Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ishir","family":"Bhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General\r            Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajiv","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine,\r            Indianapolis, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmine","family":"Zoccali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit and CNR-IBIM Clinical\r            Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Reggio Calabria,\r            Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Wanner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wuerzburg, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology,\r            University Hospital, Wuerzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donald","family":"Lloyd-Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg\r            School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorge B","family":"Cannata-And\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Metabolismo \u00d3seo y Mineral, Instituto Reina Sof\u00eda de\r            Investigaci\u00f3n, REDinREN \u2013 ISCIII, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias,\r            Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, 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