{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T06:38:58Z","timestamp":1784875138451,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713139200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL149683"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL149683"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Trials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The current endpoints for therapeutic trials of hospitalized COVID-19 patients capture only part of the clinical course of a patient and have limited statistical power and robustness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We specify proportional odds models for repeated measures of clinical status, with a common odds ratio of lower severity over time. We also specify the proportional hazards model for time to each level of improvement or deterioration of clinical status, with a common hazard ratio for overall treatment benefit. We apply these methods to Adaptive COVID-19 Treatment Trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For remdesivir versus placebo, the common odds ratio was 1.48 (95% confidence interval (CI)\u2009=\u20091.23\u20131.79; p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and the common hazard ratio was 1.27 (95% CI\u2009=\u20091.09\u20131.47; p\u2009=\u20090.002). For baricitinib plus remdesivir versus remdesivir alone, the common odds ratio was 1.32 (95% CI\u2009=\u20091.10\u20131.57; p\u2009=\u20090.002), and the common hazard ratio was 1.30 (95% CI\u2009=\u20091.13\u20131.49; p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). For interferon beta-1a plus remdesivir versus remdesivir alone, the common odds ratio was 0.95 (95% CI\u2009=\u20090.79\u20131.14; p\u2009=\u20090.56), and the common hazard ratio was 0.98 (95% CI\u2009=\u20090.85\u20131.12; p\u2009=\u20090.74).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proposed methods comprehensively characterize the treatment effects on the entire clinical course of a hospitalized COVID-19 patient.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/17407745241238443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T05:50:39Z","timestamp":1713160239000},"page":"500-506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluating treatment efficacy in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, with applications to Adaptive COVID-19 Treatment Trials"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0150-3115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan-Yu","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianqiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donglin","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-17407745241238443","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001282"},{"key":"bibr2-17407745241238443","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31022-9"},{"key":"bibr3-17407745241238443","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2007764"},{"key":"bibr4-17407745241238443","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2031994"},{"key":"bibr5-17407745241238443","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00384-2"},{"key":"bibr6-17407745241238443","unstructured":"The National Institutes of Health. Accelerating Covid-19 therapeutic interventions and vaccines (ACTIV), 17 April 2020, https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/research-training\/medical-research-initiatives\/activ"},{"key":"bibr7-17407745241238443","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.11043"},{"key":"bibr8-17407745241238443","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1231"},{"key":"bibr9-17407745241238443","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2162"}],"container-title":["Clinical Trials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/17407745241238443","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/17407745241238443","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/17407745241238443","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:29:03Z","timestamp":1777397343000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/17407745241238443"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/17407745241238443"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17407745241238443","relation":{},"ISSN":["1740-7745","1740-7753"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1740-7745","type":"print"},{"value":"1740-7753","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]]}}}