{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T01:22:42Z","timestamp":1777944162218,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712534400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ultrasound"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ultrasonography is an established and reliable method for assessing the spleen. Because of variation due to genetic and other environmental factors including malaria endemicity, interpretation of spleen sizes requires a knowledge of the normal reference range for a given population. This study aimed to identify spleen size reference ranges across age groups of healthy controls to serve as a baseline to assess changes in spleen size in patients with sickle cell disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using a cross-sectional study design, spleen size was measured in healthy people of different age groups and steady-state sickle cell disease patients (children and adults) using abdominal ultrasonography. Using the age-group-specific reference values obtained from the controls, spleens were classified into small, normal size or enlarged among the sickle cell disease patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study consisted of 109 (34.8%) healthy controls and 204 (65.2%) steady-state sickle cell disease patients. The spleen was visualised in all the controls ( n\u2009=\u2009109) and in 107 (52.4%) sickle cell disease patients. Using cut-off values for spleen length among the controls across age groups (&lt;\u20095\u2009years (5.0\u20137.0\u2009cm); 5\u20139\u2009years (5.5\u20138.5\u2009cm); 10\u201314\u2009years (6.0\u201311.0\u2009cm) and\u2009\u2a7e\u200915\u2009years (7.0\u201312.5\u2009cm)), spleen size was classified as small ( n\u2009=\u200918\/204; 8.87%), normal ( n\u2009=\u200968\/204; 33.3%) and enlarged ( n\u2009=\u200921\/204; 10.3%) among the sickle cell disease patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Model-based age-group reference ranges and percentile curves for splenic dimensions based on ultrasonography among normal controls in North-Eastern Nigeria were established and may be of value in assessing spleen sizes among sickle cell disease patients living in malaria-endemic regions of Africa.<\/jats:p>\n                  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Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Jeffery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9457-1741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abubakar","family":"Farate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abubakar G","family":"Farouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatima M","family":"Abulfathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Haematology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adekunle","family":"Adekile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Imelda","family":"Bates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, 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