{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T14:19:35Z","timestamp":1793197175015,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,10]],"date-time":"2025-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746835200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ultrasound"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"\n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n To implement a transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) simulation to improve comfort with obstetric and gynaecologic ultrasound and increase knowledge in diagnosis and management of early pregnancy-related complications.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n Third-year medical students enrolled in the Obstetrics and Gynaecology (OBGYN) clerkship between 2023 and 2024 participated in a didactic session and ultrasound simulation about aetiologies for vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy. They were guided through four different clinical scenarios of pelvic pathology including a non-pregnant uterine model representing a pregnancy of unknown location (PUL), ectopic pregnancy and normal first-trimester intrauterine pregnancy. Pre- and post-assessments were completed focused on knowledge and self-perceived confidence in evaluation and management of early pregnancy bleeding using TVUS.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 109 students completed the pre-assessment, and 104 completed the post-assessment. The mean pre-simulation knowledge score was 58%, and mean post-test knowledge score was 69%. We compared pre- and post-simulation percent correct which showed approximately a 11% increase in percent correct in the assessment after the didactic and ultrasound simulation (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n -value < 0.05). Overall comfort in diagnosis of early pregnancy complications and TVUS skills significantly increased from an average Likert-type scale of 2 to 5 (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n TVUS simulation can be a helpful adjunct to learning important women\u2019s health topics and should be considered an important skill in training future physicians.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1742271x251337377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,10]],"date-time":"2025-05-10T05:12:55Z","timestamp":1746853975000},"page":"311-317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["An ultrasound-based simulation to improve clinical competency in evaluation of first-trimester bleeding in undergraduate medical education"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3949-8144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Marie Pacheco","family":"Young","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ismely","family":"Minaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell","family":"Horowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children\u2019s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weronika","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogoh.2020.101938"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000001656"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000000294"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xagr.2023.100228"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","unstructured":"Nasco Healthcare. Blue phantom female pelvis 2023 https:\/\/shop.nascohealthcare.com\/products\/bpob1220 (accessed 7 March 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","unstructured":"GT Simulators. Female pelvic ultrasound phantom (Transvaginal and Transabdominal) 2023 https:\/\/www.gtsimulators.Com\/collections\/ultrasound-and-mri-phantoms\/products\/female-pelvic-ultrasound-phantom-transvaginal-kkus-10 (accessed 7 March 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67103-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","unstructured":"Kyoto Kagaku. Obstetric training simulator-complete set 2023 https:\/\/www.kyotokagaku.Com\/en\/products_data\/mw40\/ (accessed 7 March 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","unstructured":"Episode 160: evaluation management of tubal ectopic pregnancy. CREOGs Over Coffee 2022 https:\/\/creogsovercoffee.com\/notes\/tag\/ectopic"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","unstructured":"SonoSite. How to: female transvaginal ultrasound exam. YouTube 2011 https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0CqicUl0hw8 (accessed March 7 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","unstructured":"Association of Professors of Gynecology Obstetrics. APGO Medical Student Educational Objectives for Students 2019 https:\/\/apgo.org\/page\/msostudent (accessed December 18 2024)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","unstructured":"Association for Medical Ultrasound. Standards and guidelines for the accreditation of ultrasound practices 2023 https:\/\/www.aium.Org\/resources\/official-statements\/view\/standards-and-guidelines-for-the-accreditation-of-ultrasound-practices (accessed 7 March 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41077-020-00152-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","first-page":"394","article-title":"Early pregnancy ultrasound and management: effect of a multifaceted training on physician knowledge","volume":"109","author":"O\u2019Leary B","year":"2016","unstructured":"O\u2019Leary B, Khalid A, Higgins M. Early pregnancy ultrasound and management: effect of a multifaceted training on physician knowledge. Ir Med J 2016; 109: 394.","journal-title":"Ir Med J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajum.12052"}],"container-title":["Ultrasound"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1742271X251337377","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1742271X251337377","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1742271X251337377","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T07:52:05Z","timestamp":1777708325000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1742271X251337377"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,10]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1742271X251337377"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1742271x251337377","relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-271X","1743-1344"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-271X","type":"print"},{"value":"1743-1344","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,10]]}}}