{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T01:31:21Z","timestamp":1777944681447,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No: 81371230"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No: 81371230"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["DE018573"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE018573"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["DE021804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE021804"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["DE025137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE025137"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["NS060735"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS060735"]}]},{"name":"Japanese Ministry of Education, Science and Culture","award":["22592039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22592039"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mol Pain"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The glutamate type 1 transporter (GLT1) plays a major role in glutamate homeostasis in the brain. Although alterations of GLT1 activity have been linked to persistent pain, the significance of these changes is poorly understood. Focusing on the rostral ventromedial medulla, a key site in pain modulation, we examined the expression and function of GLT1 and related transcription factor kappa B-motif binding phosphoprotein (KBBP) in rats after adjuvant-induced hind paw inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After inflammation, GLT1 and KBBP showed an early upregulation and gradual transition to downregulation that lasted throughout the eight-week observation period. Nitration of GLT1 was reduced at 30\u2009min and increased at eight weeks after inflammation, suggesting an initial increase and later decrease in transporter activity. Mechanical hyperalgesia and paw edema exhibited an initial developing phase with peak hyperalgesia at 4 to 24 h, a subsequent attenuating phase, followed by a late persistent phase that lasted for months. The downregulation of GLT1 occurred at a time when hyperalgesia transitioned into the persistent phase. In the rostral ventromedial medulla, pharmacological block with dihydrokainic acid and RNAi of GLT1 and KBBP increased nociception and overexpression of GLT1 reversed persistent hyperalgesia. Further, the initial upregulation of GLT1 and KBBP was blocked by local anesthetic block, and pretreatment with dihydrokainic acid facilitated the development of hyperalgesia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results suggest that the initial increased GLT1 activity depends on injury input and serves to dampen the development of hyperalgesia. However, later downregulation of GLT1 fosters the net descending facilitation as injury persists, leading to the emergence of persistent pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1744806918825044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,25]],"date-time":"2019-01-25T02:15:16Z","timestamp":1548382516000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Altered glial glutamate transporter expression in descending circuitry and the emergence of pain chronicity"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA"},{"name":"Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Imai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA"},{"name":"Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiping","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA"},{"name":"Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiale","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA"},{"name":"Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mineo","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA"},{"name":"Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA"},{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, Division of Molecular Medical Science, Hiroshima, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA"},{"name":"Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases of Gansu province, Institute of Orthopedics, the Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Dubner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA"},{"name":"Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA"},{"name":"Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA"},{"name":"Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1744806918825044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5472.1765"},{"key":"bibr2-1744806918825044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3390-12.2013"},{"key":"bibr3-1744806918825044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.09.001"},{"key":"bibr4-1744806918825044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2016.11.004"},{"key":"bibr5-1744806918825044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3686-05.2006"},{"key":"bibr6-1744806918825044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren K, Dubner R. 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