{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T12:15:56Z","timestamp":1792066556291,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778371200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Project No. 2021YFF0501600 and Subject No. 2021YFF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project No. 2021YFF0501600 and Subject No. 2021YFF"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mol Pain"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Spinal cord injury (SCI) triggers neuropathic pain through inflammatory secondary injury. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) hold therapeutic promise, but their pain-relieving mechanisms are unclear. This study investigated whether OEC transplantation alleviates pain by modulating macrophage extracellular trap (MET) formation and Na\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2013K\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2013Cl\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) expression. Following ethical approval, a rat contusive SCI model was established. OEC-treated rats received a cell transplant post-injury. Motor and sensory functions were assessed over 35 days. Tissue was analyzed for NKCC1, CD68, and the MET marker H3Cit. In vitro, RAW264.7 macrophages were stimulated with TNF-\u03b1 to induce METs. OEC transplantation significantly improved functional recovery and reduced mechanical\/thermal hypersensitivity. Histology showed preserved tissue structure. Critically, OEC treatment suppressed MET formation (reduced H3Cit\/CD68) and downregulated NKCC1 in vivo. In vitro, OEC-conditioned medium inhibited TNF\u2011\u03b1\u2011induced MET formation and NKCC1 expression in macrophages. Thus, OECs alleviate neuropathic pain and promote recovery after SCI by coordinately suppressing macrophage extracellular traps and regulating NKCC1 expression, revealing a novel immunomodulatory\u2011ion transport axis for pain intervention.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/17448069261452906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T04:10:41Z","timestamp":1778472641000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation targets macrophage extracellular traps and NKCC1 to alleviate pain after spinal cord injury"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9354-2762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Honghui","family":"Lei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Department of Spine Surgery, Beijing Bo\u2019ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Department of Spine Surgery, Beijing Bo\u2019ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9499-8654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fangyong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Department of Spine Surgery, Beijing Bo\u2019ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children\u2019s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China"},{"name":"University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China"},{"name":"School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China"},{"name":"School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Department of Spine Surgery, Beijing Bo\u2019ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sitong","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Department of Spine Surgery, Beijing Bo\u2019ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.881162"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10123153"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-022-02983-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/jpai.2001.22788"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","first-page":"221","article-title":"Effect of cross-talk between primary sensory neuron and macrophage on hyperalgesia","volume":"44","author":"Ai Z","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ai Z, Wang Y. Effect of cross-talk between primary sensory neuron and macrophage on hyperalgesia. 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Advances in olfactory ensheathing cells for the treatment of spinal cord injury. Zhongguo Gu Shang 2021; 34: 785\u2013790.","journal-title":"Zhongguo Gu Shang"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","first-page":"904","article-title":"Research progress on the treatment of spinal cord injury through the combination of biological scaffolds and olfactory glial cell transplantation","volume":"53","author":"Guo D","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guo D, Yang Y, He X, Li J, Tan Q, Liu D, Chang S. Research progress on the treatment of spinal cord injury through the combination of biological scaffolds and olfactory glial cell transplantation. J Shanxi Med Univ 2022; 53: 904\u2013910.","journal-title":"J Shanxi Med Univ"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","first-page":"619","article-title":"The regulatory mechanism of olfactory bulb ensheathing cells for the treatment of spinal cord injury","volume":"39","author":"Hu X","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hu X, Wu Y, Ye J, Zhong X, Li Y, Zhang G, Kang Y. 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