{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T11:12:59Z","timestamp":1788261179799,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Womens Health (Lond Engl)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In the last five decades, the number of women behind bars in the United States has risen exponentially. It is now estimated that there are nearly 58,000 admissions of pregnant people\u2014disproportionately women of color\u2014to jails and prisons each year. Recognizing the urgency and consequences of mass incarceration on pregnant people, their families, and communities, House Resolution 948: Justice for Incarcerated Moms Act of 2021 was introduced to Congress as a part of the Black Maternal Health Momnibus. The Justice for Incarcerated Moms Act aims to improve health care and promote dignity for incarcerated pregnant and parenting people through an array of policies and oversight. In this article, we review and reflect on the components of this bill within their broader public health and reproductive justice contexts. We close with recommendations for policymakers and professionals committed to promoting equity and justice for pregnant and postpartum incarcerated people.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/17455057221093037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T05:43:35Z","timestamp":1650347015000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Justice for Incarcerated Moms Act of 2021: Reflections and recommendations"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7833-9053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca J","family":"Shlafer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Gerrity","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minnesota Prison Doula Project, Ostara Initiative, Minneapolis, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chauntel","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alabama Prison Birth Project, Ostara Initiative, Auburn, AL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Freeman-Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minnesota Prison Doula Project, Ostara Initiative, Minneapolis, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn","family":"B Sufrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-17455057221093037","unstructured":"Minton TD, Zeng Z. Jail inmates in 2020\u2014statistical tables. Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice, 2021, https:\/\/bjs.ojp.gov\/library\/publications\/jail-inmates-2020-statistical-tables"},{"key":"bibr2-17455057221093037","unstructured":"Carson EA. Prisoners in 2020\u2014statistical tables. Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice, 2021, https:\/\/bjs.ojp.gov\/library\/publications\/prisoners-2020-statistical-tables"},{"key":"bibr3-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305006"},{"key":"bibr4-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003834"},{"key":"bibr5-17455057221093037","unstructured":"Sawyer W. The gender divide: tracking women\u2019s state prison growth. Prison Policy Initiative, 2018, https:\/\/www.prisonpolicy.org\/reports\/women_overtime.html"},{"key":"bibr6-17455057221093037","unstructured":"Federal Bureau of Investigation. Uniform crime reporting program, 2021, https:\/\/www.fbi.gov\/services\/cjis\/ucr (accessed 28 December 2021)."},{"key":"bibr7-17455057221093037","unstructured":"Maruschak LM, Bronson J, Alper M. Parents in prison and their minor children: survey of prison inmates, 2016. Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice, 2021, https:\/\/bjs.ojp.gov\/library\/publications\/parents-prison-and-their-minor-children-survey-prison-inmates-2016"},{"key":"bibr8-17455057221093037","volume-title":"Parents behind bars","author":"Murphey D","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr9-17455057221093037","volume-title":"The new Jim Crow: mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness","author":"Alexander M","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr10-17455057221093037","volume-title":"Race and criminalization: black Americans and the punishment industry","author":"Davis A","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr11-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/california\/9780520288669.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr12-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08854300.2014.954926"},{"key":"bibr13-17455057221093037","unstructured":"Pressley A. Justice for Incarcerated Moms Act of 2021, 2021. https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/bill\/117th-congress\/house-bill\/948\/text?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22hr+9%22%5D%7D&r=9&s=1"},{"key":"bibr14-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/03616878-1966324"},{"key":"bibr15-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781139343244"},{"key":"bibr16-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112777"},{"key":"bibr17-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2005.00871.x"},{"key":"bibr18-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2005.00216.x"},{"key":"bibr19-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2014.913248"},{"key":"bibr20-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2018.04.033"},{"key":"bibr21-17455057221093037","unstructured":"The Annie E. Casey Foundation. A shared sentence: the devastating toll of parental incarceration on kids, families shared-sentence\/"},{"key":"bibr22-17455057221093037","unstructured":"Estelle v. Gamble, 1976, https:\/\/tile.loc.gov\/storage-services\/service\/ll\/usrep\/usrep429\/usrep429097\/usrep429097.pdf"},{"key":"bibr23-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305407"},{"key":"bibr24-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2005.00749.x"},{"key":"bibr25-17455057221093037","first-page":"271","volume":"25","author":"DiNardo C","year":"2018","journal-title":"Duke J Gend Law Policy"},{"key":"bibr26-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogn.2018.11.002"},{"key":"bibr27-17455057221093037","unstructured":"Jones-Sawyer. County jails: infant and toddler breast milk feeding policy, 2018, https:\/\/leginfo.legislature.ca.gov\/faces\/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB2507 (accessed 30 December 2021)."},{"key":"bibr28-17455057221093037","unstructured":"Booker SC. Black Maternal Health Momnibus Act of 2021, 2021, https:\/\/alliancetoendhunger.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Black-Maternal-Health-Momnibus-Act-of-2021.pdf"},{"key":"bibr29-17455057221093037","unstructured":"Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, 1968, https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/COMPS-1696\/pdf\/COMPS-1696.pdf"},{"key":"bibr30-17455057221093037","unstructured":"Yearwood LT. Pregnant and shackled: why inmates are still giving birth cuffed and bound. The Guardian, 2020, https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2020\/jan\/24\/shackled-pregnant-women-prisoners-birth (accessed 30 December 2021)."},{"key":"bibr31-17455057221093037","unstructured":"KARE11.com. KARE 11 investigates: DOC and jails fail to report pregnant inmates shackled, https:\/\/www.kare11.com\/article\/news\/investigations\/cruel-and-unusual\/kare-11-investigates-doc-and-jails-fail-to-report-pregnant-inmates-shackled\/89-7f4099e7-8078-4bb6-871c-3ad72776ce39 (accessed 30 December 2021)."},{"key":"bibr32-17455057221093037","unstructured":"First Step Act, 2018, https:\/\/www.govtrack.us\/congress\/bills\/115\/s756\/text"},{"key":"bibr33-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/cpr.2015.0061"},{"key":"bibr34-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/phn.12137"},{"key":"bibr35-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-67599-8_3"},{"key":"bibr36-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nwh.2017.12.004"},{"key":"bibr37-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354918812088"},{"key":"bibr38-17455057221093037","unstructured":"Shlafer RJ, Kozhimannil KB. What the affordable care act means for pregnant inmates, 2014, http:\/\/healthaffairs.org\/blog\/2014\/04\/04\/what-the-affordable-care-act-means-for-pregnant-inmates\/"},{"key":"bibr39-17455057221093037","unstructured":"The Healthy Start Act, 2021, https:\/\/www.revisor.mn.gov\/laws\/2021\/0\/Session+Law\/Chapter\/17\/ (accessed 30 December 2021)."},{"key":"bibr40-17455057221093037","unstructured":"Pregnant in prison: MD and legislation proposes alternatives, https:\/\/www.publicnewsservice.org\/index.php?\/content\/article\/77053-1 (accessed 30 December 2021)."},{"key":"bibr41-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2017.6871"},{"key":"bibr42-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2020.01.005"},{"key":"bibr43-17455057221093037","unstructured":"Chiu A. Diana Sanchez gave birth in Denver jail cell alone, lawsuit says. The Washington Post, 2019, https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/nation\/2019\/08\/29\/pregnant-woman-diana-sanchez-birth-alone-jail-cell-denver\/ (accessed 30 December 2021)."},{"key":"bibr44-17455057221093037","unstructured":"Daniel R. Prisons neglect pregnant women in their healthcare policies, 2019, https:\/\/www.prisonpolicy.org\/blog\/2019\/12\/05\/pregnancy\/ (accessed 30 December 2021)."},{"key":"bibr45-17455057221093037","unstructured":"Simon LE, Williams RE, Cohen MJ, et al. Training the next generation of medical providers in the era of mass incarceration. Health Affairs, 2017, https:\/\/www.healthaffairs.org\/do\/10.1377\/forefront.20171219.421701\/abs\/ (accessed 30 December 2021)."},{"key":"bibr46-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1078345818820109"},{"key":"bibr47-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4300\/JGME-D-11-00203.1"},{"key":"bibr48-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303076"},{"key":"bibr49-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000000431"},{"key":"bibr50-17455057221093037","unstructured":"Pelletier SG. Unlikely partners: how academic medicine and correctional facilities can forge progress together. AAMC, 2016, https:\/\/www.aamc.org\/news-insights\/unlikely-partners-how-academic-medicine-and-correctional-facilities-can-forge-progress-together (accessed 30 December 2021)."},{"key":"bibr51-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30569-X"},{"key":"bibr52-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctt1pwt69x"},{"key":"bibr53-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMms2025768"},{"key":"bibr54-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.09.006"},{"key":"bibr55-17455057221093037","unstructured":"Washington HA. Medical Apartheid: the dark history of medical experimentation on black Americans from colonial times to the present. Harlem Moon, 2006, https:\/\/www.penguinrandomhouse.com\/books\/185986\/medical-apartheid-by-harriet-a-washington\/ (accessed 30 December 2021)."},{"key":"bibr56-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/journalofethics.2017.19.9.medu1-1709"},{"key":"bibr57-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1078345817716567"},{"key":"bibr58-17455057221093037","unstructured":"Prison Voice Washington. Correcting food policy in Washington prisons: how the DOC makes healthy food choices impossible for incarcerated people & what can be done, 2016, https:\/\/static.prisonpolicy.org\/scans\/Correcting%20Food%20Policy%20in%20WA%20Prisons_Prison%20Voice%20WA.pdf"},{"key":"bibr59-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jmwh.13239"},{"key":"bibr60-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2012.669446"},{"key":"bibr61-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801208327018"},{"key":"bibr62-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0361684313494357"},{"key":"bibr63-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.19.1.43"},{"key":"bibr64-17455057221093037","unstructured":"The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Optimizing support for breastfeeding as part of obstetric practice, 2018, https:\/\/www.acog.org\/clinical\/clinical-guidance\/committee-opinion\/articles\/2018\/10\/optimizing-support-for-breastfeeding-as-part-of-obstetric-practice"},{"key":"bibr65-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-3552"},{"key":"bibr66-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.99.6.e5"},{"key":"bibr67-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-1267"},{"key":"bibr68-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.5.1043"},{"key":"bibr69-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-5108(18)30063-0"},{"key":"bibr70-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2009.231"},{"key":"bibr71-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/PM.43.3.d"},{"issue":"511","key":"bibr72-17455057221093037","first-page":"1","volume":"118","author":"The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"bibr73-17455057221093037","unstructured":"The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Barriers to breastfeeding: supporting initiation and continuation of breastfeeding, 2021, https:\/\/www.acog.org\/clinical\/clinical-guidance\/committee-opinion\/articles\/2021\/02\/barriers-to-breastfeeding-supporting-initiation-and-continuation-of-breastfeeding (accessed 30 December 2021)."},{"key":"bibr74-17455057221093037","unstructured":"National Commission on Correctional Health Care. Breastfeeding in correctional settings, 2018, https:\/\/www.ncchc.org\/breastfeeding-in-correctional-settings (accessed 30 December 2021)."},{"key":"bibr75-17455057221093037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-021-02089-w."}],"container-title":["Women's Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/17455057221093037","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/17455057221093037","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/17455057221093037","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T08:24:44Z","timestamp":1777710284000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/17455057221093037"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":75,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/17455057221093037"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17455057221093037","relation":{},"ISSN":["1745-5057","1745-5065"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1745-5057","type":"print"},{"value":"1745-5065","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"article-number":"17455057221093037"}}