{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T23:20:01Z","timestamp":1794093601742,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01DA051715"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01DA051715"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Womens Health (Lond Engl)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The U.S. drug overdose epidemic is increasingly severe and steep increases have been seen among women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To explore trends in drug overdose deaths among women in the United States by race, ethnicity, and age group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study is a retrospective observational study of drug overdose deaths among U.S. women from 1999 to 2021.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We use CDC WONDER Multiple Causes of Death files data using International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) codes X40\u2013X44, X60\u2013X64, X85, and Y10\u2013Y14 to identify overall drug overdose deaths, T40.5 for cocaine-related deaths, T40.0\u2013T40.4, T40.6 for opioid-related deaths, T42.4 for benzodiazepines, and T43.6 to identify psychostimulants. Race and ethnicity were defined as non-Hispanic Black, White, American Indian\/Alaska Native (AI\/AN), Asian, and Hispanic. We calculated overdose death rates per 100,000 women for all overdose deaths and for specific drugs by year, stratified by race and ethnicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From 1999 to 2021, overdose deaths among all women in the United States increased by 480%. Overdose deaths rose 750% for non-Hispanic AI\/AN women, 490% for non-Hispanic Black women, 450% for non-Hispanic White women, 325% for Hispanic women, and 150% for non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islander women. Women ages 35\u201344 and 45\u201354 saw the largest increases in overall overdose deaths. Cocaine-related deaths were more prevalent among non-Hispanic Black women, opioid and methamphetamine-related deaths were more prevalent among non-Hispanic AI\/AN women, and benzodiazepine-related deaths were more prevalent among non-Hispanic White women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Increases in overdose deaths were noted in all races, ethnicities, and age groups, with deaths continuing to accelerate in 2021. Our study highlights a need for interventions expanding access to medications for opioid use disorder, naloxone, fentanyl test strips, and contingency management while accounting for gendered roles and vulnerabilities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/17455057241307088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T03:16:43Z","timestamp":1734405403000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Drug overdose deaths among women 1999\u20132021 in the United States: Differences by race, ethnicity, and age"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Abenaa A","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Development and Family Studies and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA"},{"name":"Consortium on Substance Use and Addiction, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel E","family":"Segel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consortium on Substance Use and Addiction, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Administration, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8815-5307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma M","family":"Skogseth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Development and Family Studies and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0829-5603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah B","family":"Apsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Development and Family Studies and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis R","family":"Santos-Lozada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Development and Family Studies and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-17455057241307088","unstructured":"National Institute on Drug Abuse. Drug Overdose Death Rates | National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), 2024. [cited 26 July 2024], https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/research-topics\/trends-statistics\/overdose-death-rates"},{"key":"bibr2-17455057241307088","unstructured":"CDC. Understanding the opioid overdose epidemic, https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/overdose-prevention\/about\/understanding-the-opioid-overdose-epidemic.html (2024, accessed June 8, 2024)."},{"key":"bibr3-17455057241307088","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.01.010"},{"key":"bibr4-17455057241307088","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2020.8778"},{"key":"bibr5-17455057241307088","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192114039"},{"key":"bibr6-17455057241307088","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.10.012"},{"key":"bibr7-17455057241307088","unstructured":"National Institute on Drug Abuse. Sex and Gender Differences in Substance Use | National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), 2020. 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Products\u2014Data Briefs\u2014Number 81\u2014December 2011 [cited August 2 2024], https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/products\/databriefs\/db81.htm (2019)."},{"key":"bibr13-17455057241307088","first-page":"1","volume":"457","author":"Spencer MR","year":"2022","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"bibr14-17455057241307088","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6801a1"},{"key":"bibr15-17455057241307088","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.32314"},{"key":"bibr16-17455057241307088","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 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