{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T01:35:36Z","timestamp":1777944936678,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015720","name":"universidad de extremadura","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["431\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["431\/22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015720","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014181","name":"Junta de Extremadura","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BBB021- GR21042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBB021- GR21042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Womens Health (Lond Engl)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is increasing evidence that menstrual changes (MC) should be considered as an adverse event resulting from COVID-19 vaccination. However, the contributing health factors are still poorly understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim was to analyze the characteristics and factors influencing MC after the administration of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design &amp; Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A retrospective observational study of currently menstruating women (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200914,550) in Spain was conducted during the month of December 2021 using an online survey. Among others, general characteristics of the menstrual cycle, medical history, and adverse events following vaccination\u2014including MC\u2014were recorded. Bivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the influencing factors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>45.0%\u201450.9% of respondents reported experiencing mostly transient MC after both doses of COVID-19 vaccine, including different spotting (41.6%\u201449.0%), longer periods (26.5%\u201429.5%) and\/or heavier flow (28.7%\u201431.6%). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that some of the inter-individual factors that may be involved in this unexpected event are age (dose 2: adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.02; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.02\u20131.03), heavy menstrual flow (dose 1: aOR: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.00\u20131.25), use of short- (dose 1: aOR: 1.38; 95% CI: 1.24\u20131.54) to medium-term contraception (dose 1: aOR: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.09\u20131.57), number of previous pregnancies (dose 1: aOR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.03\u20131.19), pre-existing diagnoses of certain clinical conditions\u2014including endometriosis (dose 1: aOR: 1.33; 95% CI: 1.11\u20131.59)\u2014and suffering from other vaccine adverse events.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Currently menstruating women may experience MC after COVID-19 vaccination. Further research is warranted to address the influencing factors, considering their heterogeneity according to the geographical background of the target population. This kind of evidence could prove instrumental in the context of future viral outbreaks, helping healthcare professionals to provide scientifically up-to-date information to patients for making informed decisions regarding their well-being, particularly in societies where menstruation remains a taboo subject.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/17455057251406958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T08:05:54Z","timestamp":1766045154000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characteristics and health factors influencing menstrual changes after COVID-19 vaccination: A Spanish retrospective observational study in currently menstruating women"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2567-8589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriam","family":"Al-Adib","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Neuroimmunofisiolog\u00eda y Crononutrici\u00f3n, Departmento de Fisiolog\u00eda, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain"},{"name":"Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology clinics \u201cMiriam Gine,\u201d Almendralejo-Madrid-Marbella, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6063-0504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana B.","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Neuroimmunofisiolog\u00eda y Crononutrici\u00f3n, Departmento de Fisiolog\u00eda, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2763-4903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Carrasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Neuroimmunofisiolog\u00eda y Crononutrici\u00f3n, Departmento de Fisiolog\u00eda, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004695"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","article-title":"Premenstrual and menstrual changes reported after COVID-19 vaccination: the EVA project","volume":"18","author":"Baena-Garc\u00eda L","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baena-Garc\u00eda L, Aparicio VA, Molina-L\u00f3pez A, et al. Premenstrual and menstrual changes reported after COVID-19 vaccination: the EVA project. Womens Health (Lond) 2022; 18: 17455057221112237.","journal-title":"Womens Health (Lond)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyab239"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S352167"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","article-title":"Menstrual cycle disturbances after COVID-19 vaccination","volume":"18","author":"Rodr\u00edguez Quejada L","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez Quejada L, Toro Wills MF, Mart\u00ednez-\u00c1vila MC, et al. Menstrual cycle disturbances after COVID-19 vaccination. 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