{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T11:42:28Z","timestamp":1794051748558,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Womens Health (Lond Engl)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Syrian refugee women in T\u00fcrkiye face intertwined challenges, trauma, displacement, economic hardship, and sociocultural pressures that impact their mental health. This study aimed to explore the relationships among trauma symptoms, psychological distress, depression, resilience, and spirituality in widowed Syrian refugee women. It also examined how demographic and contextual factors\u2014such as age, education, length of stay in T\u00fcrkiye, and residency location\u2014contribute to mental health outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional quantitative design was employed, utilizing both online and paper-based self-administered questionnaires. A total of 167 widowed Syrian refugee women residing in T\u00fcrkiye participated in the study. Standardized scales were used to assess trauma (Impact of Event Scale-Revised), psychological distress (Kessler K-10), depression (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale), resilience, and spiritual well-being. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS Version 30. Analytical procedures included Pearson correlation, hierarchical multiple regression, one-way analysis of variance, and Tukey\u2019s HSD post hoc tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Trauma, psychological distress, and depression were strongly interrelated (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.522\u20130.622,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), indicating a high level of co-occurrence among mental health symptoms. Resilience and spirituality were negatively associated with both distress (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.218 and \u22120.327) and depression (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.270 and \u22120.333, all\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), suggesting their protective roles. Age (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.261,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004) and years lived in T\u00fcrkiye (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.162,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.043) significantly predicted trauma and depression. Spirituality (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.289 to \u22120.290,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and resilience (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.208,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.013) predicted lower distress and depression; residency had an impact on all psychological outcomes (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Participants in rural areas reported better mental health outcomes compared to those in urban areas.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Implications:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings highlight the dual role of individual psychological resources and broader structural conditions in shaping refugee women\u2019s mental health. Culturally sensitive, trauma-informed interventions must therefore target both emotional coping mechanisms and the systemic inequalities influencing displaced women\u2019s well-being.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/17455057261416249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T05:01:02Z","timestamp":1777870862000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Widowed and displaced: Spiritual and religious coping in mental health recovery among Syrian refugee women in T\u00fcrkiye"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3648-556X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wahiba","family":"Abu-Ras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mai","family":"Al-Quraini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahira","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabreen Talat","family":"Al-Qaisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Conflict Management and Humanitarian Studies, Qatar Charity, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leena Babiker","family":"Idris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Council of Psychiatry, Sudan Medical Specialization Board, Khartoum City, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"USA for UNHCR. Syria refugee crisis explained. USA for UNHCR [cited 15 February 2025] https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/syria-crisis (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/rel0000390"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","unstructured":"United Nations International Children\u2019s Emergency Fund. 2021 Humanitarian needs overview: Syrian Arab Republic. UNICEF [cited 15 February 2025] https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/mena\/media\/13036\/file\/syria_2021_humanitarian_needs_overview.pdf (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wmh3.231"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","first-page":"87","article-title":"Barriers to accessing mental health services among Syrian refugees: a mixed-method study","volume":"35","author":"Kili\u00e7 C","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kili\u00e7 C, Kaya E, Karada\u011f \u00d6, et al. Barriers to accessing mental health services among Syrian refugees: a mixed-method study. Turk Psikiyatri Derg 2024; 35(2): 87\u201394.","journal-title":"Turk Psikiyatri Derg"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000001104"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-020-01941-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/gmh.2021.36"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/cap0000069"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008066.2024.2400833"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","first-page":"171","volume-title":"Journeys in meaning: psychological adjustment to trauma in resettled Syrian refugees","author":"de Matos L","year":"2022","unstructured":"de Matos L, Costa PA, Park CL, et al. Interpersonal meaning-making: Syrian refugees\u2019 community-informed meaning-making trajectories. In: Park CL (ed.) Journeys in meaning: psychological adjustment to trauma in resettled Syrian refugees. 1st ed. Springer, 2022, p.171.","edition":"1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11127-019-00768-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/jss.2024.1211003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijintrel.2020.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429199851-6-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-022-02372-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15426432.2018.1461045"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","first-page":"143","article-title":"PTSD symptoms in refugees","volume":"30","author":"Nickerson A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nickerson A, Liddell BJ, Keegan D, et al. PTSD symptoms in refugees. J Trauma Stress 2017; 30(2): 143\u2013151.","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.56.3.227"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0011000020970522"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","first-page":"101","article-title":"Resilience factors in women of refugee background: a qualitative systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Hawkes C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hawkes C, Norris K, Joyce J, et al. Resilience factors in women of refugee background: a qualitative systematic review. Community Psychol Glob Perspect 2020; 6(2-1): 101\u2013127.","journal-title":"Community Psychol Glob Perspect"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5402\/2012\/278730"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15528030.2018.1532859"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105320984537"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.595979"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nana.12825"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/migration\/mnab039"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/teo0000274"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327965pli1501_01"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783111026176-004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","first-page":"330","article-title":"PTSD, optimism, religious commitment, and growth as post-trauma trajectories: a structural equation modeling of former refugees","volume":"7","author":"Acquaye HE.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Acquaye HE. PTSD, optimism, religious commitment, and growth as post-trauma trajectories: a structural equation modeling of former refugees. Prof Couns 2017; 7: 330-348.","journal-title":"Prof Couns"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-23277-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.2490090305"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tedeschi R. G. Calhoun L. G. Cann A. (2007). Evaluating resource gain: Understanding and misunderstanding posttraumatic growth. Applied Psychology: An International Review 56(3) 396\u2013406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1464-0597.2007.00299.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-0597.2007.00299.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","volume-title":"The psychology of religion and coping: theory, research, and practice","author":"Pargament KI.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pargament KI. The psychology of religion and coping: theory, research, and practice. Guilford Press, 1997."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315805597"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","first-page":"24","article-title":"Faith and MHPSS among displaced Muslim women","volume":"66","author":"Rutledge K","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rutledge K, Iman Pertek S, Abo-Hilal M, et al. Faith and MHPSS among displaced Muslim women. Forced Migr Rev 2021; 66: 24\u201326.","journal-title":"Forced Migr Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040296"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.2490090305"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jrs\/feae003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291702006074"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","first-page":"413","volume-title":"Assessing spirituality in a diverse world","author":"Paloutzian RF","year":"2020","unstructured":"Paloutzian RF, Agilkaya-Sahin Z, Bruce KC, et al. The Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS): cross-cultural assessment across 5 continents, 10 languages, and 300 studies. In: Ai AL, Wink P, Paloutzian RF, et al. (eds) Assessing spirituality in a diverse world. Springer, 2020, pp.413-444."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.10113"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22667"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12050681"},{"issue":"105","key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","article-title":"Reliability and validity of Arabic translation of the Impact of Event Scale\u2013Revised for COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"24","author":"Alharbi HY","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alharbi HY, Alharthi SS, Alzahrani AS. Reliability and validity of Arabic translation of the Impact of Event Scale\u2013Revised for COVID-19 pandemic. Med Sci 2020; 24(105): 3051 \u2013 3060.","journal-title":"Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cp.12043"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001804"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07399332.2011.610532"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpm.12646"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11138-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-017-0783-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2753.2010.01434.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10508619.2011.638592"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0002-9432.76.4.423"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0293384"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0269700"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-2-222"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.2.147"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/MHSI-01-2023-0007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032210-104526"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.68.5.748"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.2010.01067.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jrs\/feaa089"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","volume-title":"Politics of piety: the Islamic revival and the feminist subject","author":"Mahmood S.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mahmood S. Politics of piety: the Islamic revival and the feminist subject. Princeton University Press, 2005."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781912128365"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796016000172"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20438"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13557851003615560"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.68.5.782"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3917\/drs1.108.0465"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-020-01569-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IJSSP-11-2020-0508"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7227\/JHA.054"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_79_2","first-page":"110","article-title":"The self-settlement of Syrian refugees in T\u00fcrkiye: dynamics, challenges, and refugee agency","volume":"29","author":"G\u00fcng\u00f6rd\u00fc Sayg\u0131 FN","year":"2024","unstructured":"G\u00fcng\u00f6rd\u00fc Sayg\u0131 FN. The self-settlement of Syrian refugees in T\u00fcrkiye: dynamics, challenges, and refugee agency. Percept J Int Aff 2024; 29(1): 110\u2013133.","journal-title":"Percept J Int Aff"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15562940903379068"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13674676.2018.1489377"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1432205"}],"container-title":["Women's Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/17455057261416249","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/17455057261416249","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/17455057261416249","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T13:17:46Z","timestamp":1778073466000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/17455057261416249"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":81,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/17455057261416249"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17455057261416249","relation":{},"ISSN":["1745-5057","1745-5065"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1745-5057","type":"print"},{"value":"1745-5065","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"article-number":"17455057261416249"}}