{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T01:34:26Z","timestamp":1777944866433,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000862","name":"Doris Duke Charitable Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000862","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K12 HD103085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K12 HD103085"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Womens Health (Lond Engl)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Pregnancy and substance use disorders (SUD) for incarcerated individuals often overlap, but their management varies greatly between jails. A better understanding of pregnancy management across jails is needed to better guide policy and practice recommendations.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n To examine the current state of pregnancy management across North Carolina jails, including current practices, challenges, and gaps in pregnancy management in jails.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design:<\/jats:title>\n This is a qualitative analysis within a mixed-methods study assessing the scope of perinatal incarceration and the capacity of North Carolina jails to manage perinatal SUD.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n We conducted in-depth interviews with North Carolina jail staff using a semi-structured interview guide between October 2022 and September 2023. We used the ideal-type analysis approach to systematically compare pregnancy management and SUD management practices across facilities.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n We completed 26 interviews with jail staff. Pregnancy management approaches were unevenly distributed across three ideal types: (1) exclusive use of internal prenatal care resources (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20092), (2) exclusive use of external prenatal care resources (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200916), and (3) hybrid use of both internal and external prenatal care resources (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20098). Within ideal types, SUD management was highly variable.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n The heavy reliance on external resources for prenatal and SUD care highlights the chronic underfunding and staffing challenges faced by these facilities. There is an urgent need for standardized policies governing prenatal care in jail facilities to help reduce disparities in care quality and ensure that all pregnant individuals receive adequate support, regardless of the jail\u2019s resources. Alternatives to incarceration during pregnancy should be prioritized.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/17455057261437261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T08:58:01Z","timestamp":1775293081000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pregnancy management for incarcerated individuals with substance use disorder: Insights from North Carolina jails"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6306-4954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabelle","family":"Falk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Armani","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3713-3151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamie","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Women\u2019s Health Research, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zakiya","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Women\u2019s Health Research, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Satterfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Essence","family":"Hairston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Horizons, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9070-5343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzanna","family":"Larkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Women\u2019s Health Research, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4292-3255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea K.","family":"Knittel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Midwifery, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lipnicky A Stites S Sufrin C et al. Jail provision of pregnancy and sexual health services in four midwestern states. Womens Health Issues 2023; 33(1): 97\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.whi.2022.07.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2022.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knittel AK Ferguson EG Balasubramanian V et al. \u201cWe Don\u2019t Wanna Birth It Here\u201d: a qualitative study of southern jail personnel approaches to pregnancy. Women Crim Justice 2022; 33(5): 349\u2013362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08974454.2022.2040693","DOI":"10.1080\/08974454.2022.2040693"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sufrin CB Knittel AK. Health care and social justice implications of incarceration for pregnant people who use drugs. 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