{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T09:45:07Z","timestamp":1791971107930,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Womens Health (Lond Engl)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Women with ADHD and autism experience elevated rates of premenstrual problems, yet no direct comparisons between these conditions exist in adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examined premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) prevalence, symptoms, and impairment across ADHD, autism, and neurotypical women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectional data from 199 women aged 20-40 without hormonal contraceptive use were analyzed across two samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants included 89 with ADHD, 39 with autism, and 71 controls. Premenstrual symptoms were assessed using the Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool (PSST), alongside measures of ADHD characteristics, autism traits, and sensory hypersensitivity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both ADHD and autistic women showed significantly elevated provisional PMDD rates according to the PSST screening instrument compared to controls, with no significant difference between neurodivergent groups. Dimensional analyses revealed positive associations between premenstrual symptoms and neurodiverse traits, particularly inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity, and social skills difficulties. The impact of premenstrual problems was similarly associated with these traits across diagnostic groups. Contrary to hypotheses, sensory hypersensitivity was not independently associated with premenstrual symptoms after controlling for ADHD and autism characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Premenstrual problems constitute a significant burden for both ADHD and autistic women, with dimensional associations suggesting that individuals with more severe neurodivergent traits face heightened risk. Yet our findings also demonstrate that prevalence estimates are only as reliable as the recruitment strategies behind them. Advancing this field requires both greater clinical attention to menstrual cycle-related difficulties in neurodivergent populations and recruitment strategies that yield dependable estimates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/17455057261476912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:32:49Z","timestamp":1787167969000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The monthly spectrum: Premenstrual symptoms across ADHD and autism"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8394-6605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annabeth P.","family":"Groenman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Groningen"},{"name":"Accare Child Study Center"},{"name":"University of Groningen"},{"name":"University of Amsterdam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lotte E.","family":"Welling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Amsterdam"},{"name":"Radboud University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5914-4048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Pieters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboud University"},{"name":"Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Karakter Academy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02707-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2025.104"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613211059721"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-025-01602-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2022.07.847"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-018-3664-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.837424"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_9_11_2","first-page":"236","article-title":"Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder","volume":"94","author":"Hofmeister S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hofmeister S, Bodden S. Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Am Fam Physician 2016; 94(3): 236\u2013240.","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.15484"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.05.045"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2023.0907"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-016-2722-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/147323000803600208"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.02.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e3182130c54"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_20_2","volume-title":"Richtlijn Premenstrueel Syndroom [Internet]","author":"Nederlandse Vereniging voor Obstetrie en Gynaecologie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nederlandse Vereniging voor Obstetrie en Gynaecologie. Richtlijn Premenstrueel Syndroom [Internet]. NVOG, 2020. [cited 2025 Nov 1]. Available from. https:\/\/www.nvog.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Richtlijn-Premenstrueel-Syndroom.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_9_21_2","first-page":"20","article-title":"PMS diagnosis: DRSP vs PSST","volume":"40","author":"Henz A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Henz A, Ferreira CF, Oderich CL, et al. PMS diagnosis: DRSP vs PSST. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 2018; 40(1): 20\u201325.","journal-title":"Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_9_22_2","first-page":"246","article-title":"Validation of the Italian PSST","volume":"56","author":"Pacitti F","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pacitti F, Iorio C, Riccobono G, et al. Validation of the Italian PSST. 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