{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T01:34:33Z","timestamp":1777944873755,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Womens Health (Lond Engl)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>University students have been recognized as particularly being vulnerable to sexual victimization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>With little research to date, and acknowledgement for the need of a better understanding of sexual violence, our study analysed the CQUniversity Sexual Assault Survey\u2019s qualitative responses. An open-ended qualitative question allowed students to provide information anonymously.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 109 participants contributed responses with 17 respondents commenting on the fact that the survey omitted to ask about child sexual abuse prior to the cut-off age of 12 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>University students revealed unexpected disclosures of prepubescent child sexual abuse victimization and ongoing sexual victimization into adulthood. Furthermore, students\u2019 comments indicated negative impacts including distress, mental health and substance use problems, distrust, and interpersonal difficulties. Strong feelings about \u2018silencing\u2019 prepubescent child sexual abuse in university surveys were expressed with a request that questions about child sexual abuse prior to the age of 12 years be included.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study found that child sexual abuse victimization is important to students. Recommendations indicate the need for future research about sexual violence among university students without age restrictions to gain a better understanding about the impact of trauma including revictimization experiences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/17455065211017062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]],"date-time":"2021-06-10T21:42:57Z","timestamp":1623361377000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Silencing by design: Lessons learned about child sexual abuse from a university sexual assault survey"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1344-7330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marika","family":"Guggisberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CQUniversity Australia, Perth, WA, Australia"},{"name":"Queensland Centre for Domestic and Family Violence Research, Mackay, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hillary J","family":"Haldane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vicki","family":"Lowik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CQUniversity Australia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annabel","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Centre for Domestic and Family Violence Research, Mackay, QLD, Australia"},{"name":"CQUniversity Australia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bethany","family":"Mackay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CQUniversity Australia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Signal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Medical & Applied Sciences, CQUniversity Australia, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-17455065211017062","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Violence against Women: Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence against Women (Fact sheet 239), 2016, http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs239\/en\/"},{"key":"bibr2-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0361684313512610"},{"key":"bibr3-17455065211017062","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics. 4906.0 Personal Safety, Australia, 2016. Canberra, ACT, Australia, 2017, http:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/ausstats\/abs@.nsf\/mf\/4906.0"},{"key":"bibr4-17455065211017062","volume-title":"Women, violence and comorbidity: the struggle with victimisation, mental health problems and substance use","author":"Guggisberg M.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr5-17455065211017062","volume-title":"Sexual violence surveillance: uniform definitions and recommended data elements","author":"Basile KC","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr6-17455065211017062","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Violence against women in the 21st century: Challenges and future directions","author":"Guggisberg M.","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr7-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09589236.2016.1266792"},{"key":"bibr8-17455065211017062","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics. Personal Safety, Australia, 2012 (No. 4906.0). Canberra, ACT, Australia, 2014, http:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/ausstats\/abs@.nsf\/Lookup\/by%20Subject\/4906.0-2012"},{"key":"bibr9-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260517734221"},{"key":"bibr10-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260516651626"},{"key":"bibr11-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260515603977"},{"key":"bibr12-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2018.1431915"},{"key":"bibr13-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838018756121"},{"key":"bibr14-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2017.1295014"},{"key":"bibr15-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2018.1431911"},{"key":"bibr16-17455065211017062","unstructured":"Kaasa S, Fisher B, Cantor D, et al. Recurring victimization in the AAU climate survey on sexual assault and sexual misconduct. Rockville, MD: Westat, 2016, https:\/\/cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com\/sites.wustl.edu\/dist\/e\/1789\/files\/2019\/03\/2015-Recurring-Victimization-in-the-AAU-Climate-Survey-on-Sexual-Assault-and-Sexual-Misconduct.pdf"},{"key":"bibr17-17455065211017062","unstructured":"The Student Room & Revolt Sexual Assault. Students\u2019 experience of sexual violence, 2018, https:\/\/www.thestudentroom.co.uk\/docs\/misc\/Sexual%20Violence%20at%20University%20-%20Revolt%20Sexual%20Assault%20-%20The%20Student%20Room%20-%20March%202018.pdf"},{"key":"bibr18-17455065211017062","unstructured":"Australian Human Rights Commission. Change the Course: National Report on Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment at Australian Universities. Sydney, NSW, Australia, 2017, https:\/\/www.humanrights.gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/document\/publication\/AHRC_2017_ChangeTheCourse_UniversityReport.pdf"},{"key":"bibr19-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260518791228"},{"key":"bibr20-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2015.02.018"},{"key":"bibr21-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260519849680."},{"key":"bibr22-17455065211017062","unstructured":"Cantor D, Fisher B, Chibnall S, et al. Report on the AAU campus climate survey on sexual assault and misconduct. The Association of American Universities, 2020, https:\/\/www.aau.edu\/Campus-Safety\/AAU-Campus-Climate-Survey\/Revised(01-16-2020_FINAL).pdf"},{"key":"bibr23-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260511433518"},{"key":"bibr24-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063217750864"},{"key":"bibr25-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838017692364"},{"key":"bibr26-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-99043-9"},{"key":"bibr27-17455065211017062","unstructured":"Townsend C. Child Sexual Abuse Disclosure: What Practitioners Need to Know. (Charleston S.C, Darkness to Light), 2016, www.D2L.org"},{"key":"bibr28-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10345329.2014.12036008"},{"key":"bibr29-17455065211017062","volume-title":"Recovered memory of childhood sexual abuse: an overview of research evidence and guidelines","author":"McDonald A.","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr30-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2015.12.021"},{"key":"bibr31-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.025"},{"key":"bibr32-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.05.006"},{"key":"bibr33-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-012-0426-1"},{"key":"bibr34-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2015.1108944"},{"key":"bibr35-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2017.1366969"},{"key":"bibr36-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260519835875."},{"key":"bibr37-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260517696870"},{"key":"bibr38-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.2492"},{"key":"bibr39-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104486"},{"key":"bibr40-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260518759978"},{"key":"bibr41-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6402.2007.00385.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr42-17455065211017062","first-page":"56","volume":"28","author":"Sudderth LK","year":"2010","journal-title":"Canada Woman Stud"},{"key":"bibr43-17455065211017062","volume-title":"Australians\u2019 Attitudes to Violence against Women: Full Technical Report","author":"Webster K","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr44-17455065211017062","first-page":"123","volume-title":"Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards","author":"Ragin CC.","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr45-17455065211017062","volume-title":"Qualitative inquiry and research design: choosing among five approaches","author":"Creswell JW.","year":"2013","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr46-17455065211017062","unstructured":"Astbury J. Violating children\u2019s rights: the psychological impact of sexual abuse in childhood. Inpsych 2013; 35: 5, https:\/\/www.psychology.org.au\/inpsych\/2013\/october\/astbury"},{"key":"bibr47-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-006-9141-4"},{"key":"bibr48-17455065211017062","first-page":"244","volume-title":"The Routledge International Handbook of Violence Studies","author":"Salter M.","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr49-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205951"},{"key":"bibr50-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838018823274"},{"key":"bibr51-17455065211017062","unstructured":"Stathopoulos M. Sexual Revictimisation: Individual, Interpersonal and Contextual Factors. ACCSA Research Summary. Melbourne, VIC, Australia: Australian Centre for the Study of Sexual Assault, 2014, https:\/\/aifs.gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/publication-documents\/ressum6.pdf"},{"key":"bibr52-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.12.004"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr53-17455065211017062","first-page":"255","volume":"1","author":"Guggisberg M.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol Sci"},{"key":"bibr54-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jocc.12114"},{"key":"bibr55-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.09.019"},{"key":"bibr56-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838016673601"},{"key":"bibr57-17455065211017062","unstructured":"Littleton H, Abrahams N, Bergman M, et al. Sexual assault, sexual abuse and harassment: understanding the mental health impact and providing care for survivors. International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, KAR id: 70282, 2018, https:\/\/kar.kent.ac.uk\/70282\/"},{"key":"bibr58-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/cou0000146"},{"key":"bibr59-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838014520637"},{"key":"bibr60-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1521025115584750"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr61-17455065211017062","first-page":"51","volume":"25","author":"Browne V","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Austral New Zealand Stud Serv Assoc"},{"key":"bibr62-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801212454121"},{"key":"bibr63-17455065211017062","volume-title":"Sexual Citizens: A Landmark Study of Sex, Power, and Assault on Campus","author":"Hirsch JS","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr64-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17730\/0018-7259-74.3.276"},{"key":"bibr65-17455065211017062","unstructured":"Veness BG. The wicked problem of university student mental health, 2016, https:\/\/www.churchilltrust.com.au\/media\/fellows\/Veness.pdf"},{"key":"bibr66-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.007"},{"key":"bibr67-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2013.830669"},{"key":"bibr68-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838014557288"},{"key":"bibr69-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0099402"},{"key":"bibr70-17455065211017062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10656219.2015.1052601"},{"key":"bibr71-17455065211017062","unstructured":"Universities Australia. Statement on national student prevalence survey on sexual assault and harassment by Universities Australia, 2018, www.universitiesaustralia.edu.au"}],"container-title":["Women's Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/17455065211017062","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/17455065211017062","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/17455065211017062","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T08:31:52Z","timestamp":1777710712000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/17455065211017062"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":71,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/17455065211017062"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17455065211017062","relation":{},"ISSN":["1745-5057","1745-5065"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1745-5057","type":"print"},{"value":"1745-5065","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"article-number":"17455065211017062"}}