{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T01:35:12Z","timestamp":1777944912858,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"TETFund National Research Fund 2019","award":["TETFund\/DR&D\/CE\/NRF\/STI\/33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TETFund\/DR&D\/CE\/NRF\/STI\/33"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Womens Health (Lond Engl)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There are no national data on hepatitis C virus awareness and burden among pregnant women to justify its routine screening.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate awareness, seroprevalence and risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection among pregnant women in Nigeria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 159 pregnant women from antenatal clinics across six geopolitical zones in Nigeria consented to anti-hepatitis C virus testing which was confirmed using polymerase chain reaction technique. Confirmed hepatitis C virus positive women were further tested for hepatitis B and HIV. Participants were evaluated for risk factors for hepatitis C virus. Odds ratios, adjusted odds ratios, and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were determined, and p-values of &lt;0.05 were considered significant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 159 participants, 77 (48.4%; 95% confidence interval\u2009=\u200938.2%\u201360.5%) were aware of hepatitis C virus infection and awareness of hepatitis C virus was associated with young age (odds ratio\u2009=\u20092.21; 95% confidence interval\u2009=\u20091.16\u20134.21), high educational level (odds ratio\u2009=\u20093.29; 95% confidence interval\u2009=\u20091.63\u20136.64), and participants\u2019 occupation (odds ratio\u2009=\u20090.51; 95% confidence interval\u2009=\u20090.26\u20130.99). In multivariable logistic regression, adjusted for confounders, the association between awareness of hepatitis C virus and participants\u2019 young age (adjusted odds ratio\u2009=\u20091.60; 95% confidence interval\u2009=\u20091.09\u20132.35; p\u2009=\u20090.018) and high educational level (adjusted odds ratio\u2009=\u20091.48; 95% confidence interval\u2009=\u20091.17\u20131.86; p\u2009=\u20090.001) remained significant. Hepatitis C virus seroprevalence was found to be 1.3% (95% confidence interval\u2009=\u20090.2%\u20134.5%). All (100.0%, 95% confidence interval\u2009=\u200912.1%\u2013100.0%) the hepatitis C virus-positive participants and 99 (63.1%, 95% confidence interval\u2009=\u200951.3%\u201376.8%) hepatitis C virus-negative participants had identifiable hepatitis C virus risk factors. Dual seropositivity of anti-hepatitis C virus\/anti-HIV and anti-hepatitis C virus\/hepatitis B surface antigen each accounted for 0.6%. The most identified risk factors were multiple sexual partners (15.7%), shared needles (13.8%), and blood transfusion (11.3%). There was no significant association between the risk factors and hepatitis C virus positive status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Awareness of hepatitis C virus infection among pregnant women in Nigeria is low and those aware are positively influenced by young age and high educational level. The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection is high and provides preliminary evidence to justify antenatal routine screening.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/17455065211031718","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T04:52:31Z","timestamp":1626238351000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Awareness and prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among pregnant women in Nigeria: A national pilot cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0390-2152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George Uchenna","family":"Eleje","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Effective Care Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayyuba","family":"Rabiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ikechukwu Innocent","family":"Mbachu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Godwin Otuodichinma","family":"Akaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olabisi Morebise","family":"Loto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hadiza Abdullahi","family":"Usman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Preye Owen","family":"Fiebai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca Chinyelu","family":"Chukwuanukwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ngozi Nneka","family":"Joe-Ikechebelu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine and Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Awka, Nigeria"},{"name":"Social Dimensions of Health Program (INTD), School of Public Health and Social Policy, Faculty of Human and Social Development, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chike Henry","family":"Nwankwo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen Okoroafor","family":"Kalu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Care Laboratory\/HIV Care Department, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chinyere Ukamaka","family":"Onubogu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chukwuanugo Nkemakonam","family":"Ogbuagu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shirley Nneka","family":"Chukwurah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chinwe Elizabeth","family":"Uzochukwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mass Communication, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel Oluwagbenga","family":"Inuyomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bukola Abimbola","family":"Adesoji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uchenna Chukwunonso","family":"Ogwaluonye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ekene Agatha","family":"Emeka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard Obinwanne","family":"Egeonu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Odion Emmanuel","family":"Igue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiological Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiamaka Henrietta","family":"Jibuaku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ogbonna Dennis","family":"Okoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology & Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri Borno State, Maiduguri, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prince Ogbonnia","family":"Aja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiamaka Perpetua","family":"Chidozie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hadiza Sani","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatima Ele","family":"Aliyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aisha Ismaila","family":"Numan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Solace Amechi","family":"Omoruyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ijeoma Chioma","family":"Oppah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, 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University, Awka, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4698-6226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emeka Philip","family":"Igbodike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St Georges Hospital Memorial Centre, Lagos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ifeanyi Kingsley","family":"Nwaeju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim Adamu","family":"Yakasai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliver Chukwujekwu","family":"Ezechi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph Ifeanyichukwu","family":"Ikechebelu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Effective Care Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, 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