{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T04:09:02Z","timestamp":1788754142922,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1053362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1053362"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Womens Health (Lond Engl)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Little is known about sex workers\u2019 experiences of cervical cryotherapy. We sought to understand sex workers\u2019 perspectives of \u2018screen and treat\u2019 programmes and their management of the World Health Organization post-treatment guidance to abstain from sex or use condoms consistently for 4 weeks. We explored contraceptive preferences and use of menstrual regulation services.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted semi-structured interviews with 16 sex workers and six brothel leaders in an urban brothel complex in Bangladesh between October and November 2018. All had undergone cryotherapy. We conducted a thematic analysis using deductive coding, informed by a priori themes, and inductive data-driven coding.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Most sex workers could not abstain from sex during the healing period. Consistent condom use was challenging due to economic incentives attached to condomless sex and coercive behaviours of clients. The implications of non-adherence among high-risk groups such as sex workers are not known. Use of short-acting methods of contraception was common, and discontinuation was high due to side effects and other perceived health concerns. The majority of sex workers and brothel leaders had utilized menstrual regulation services. Barriers to accessing timely menstrual regulation and other sexual and reproductive health services included limited mobility, economic costs, and discriminatory attitudes of health care workers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Service innovations are required to enable sex workers to abstain or use condoms consistently in the post-cryotherapy healing phase and to address sex workers\u2019 broader sexual and reproductive health needs. Further research is required to assess the risk of HIV and other sexually transmitted infection transmission following cryotherapy among high-risk groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/17455065211047772","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]],"date-time":"2021-09-24T09:09:09Z","timestamp":1632474549000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Experiences of a \u2018screen and treat\u2019 cervical cancer prevention programme among brothel-based female sex workers in Bangladesh: A qualitative interview study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Emma","family":"Wilson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7582-5558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharmani","family":"Barnard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health England, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samiya","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marie Stopes Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Nuccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MSI Reproductive Choices, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujit D","family":"Rathod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raveena","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MSI Reproductive Choices, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabitri","family":"Sapkota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MSI Reproductive Choices, Kathmandu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanzila","family":"Tabassum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marie Stopes Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shah Halimur","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marie Stopes Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8832-3186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Verde Hashim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MSI Reproductive Choices, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-17455065211047772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492"},{"key":"bibr2-17455065211047772","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Factsheet: human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer, 2019, https:\/\/www.who.int\/en\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/human-papillomavirus-(hpv)-and-cervical-cancer"},{"key":"bibr3-17455065211047772","unstructured":"Global Cancer Data: Globocan 2018. Bangladesh factsheet, 2018."},{"key":"bibr4-17455065211047772","unstructured":"Bangladesh Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. National Strategy for Cervical Cancer Prevention and Control Bangladesh (2017-2022), 2017, http:\/\/www.searo.who.int\/bangladesh\/cervical-cancer-strategy-english-book250118.pdf"},{"key":"bibr5-17455065211047772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.12185"},{"key":"bibr6-17455065211047772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2011.011240"},{"key":"bibr7-17455065211047772","volume-title":"Monitoring national cervical cancer prevention and control programmes: Quality control and quality assurance for visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA)-based programmes","author":"World Health Organisation (WHO)","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr8-17455065211047772","unstructured":"Alliance for Cervical Cancer Prevention (ACCP). Effectiveness, safety, and acceptability of cryotherapy: a systematic literature review, 2003, https:\/\/path.azureedge.net\/media\/documents\/RH_cryo_white_paper.pdf"},{"key":"bibr9-17455065211047772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J013v43n03_06"},{"key":"bibr10-17455065211047772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-36342003000900015"},{"key":"bibr11-17455065211047772","unstructured":"United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Sex work and the law in Asia and the Pacific, 2012, https:\/\/www.undp.org\/content\/dam\/undp\/library\/hivaids\/English\/HIV-2012-SexWorkAndLaw.pdf"},{"key":"bibr12-17455065211047772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h3470"},{"key":"bibr13-17455065211047772","unstructured":"Bangladesh Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Bangladesh national menstrual regulation service guidelines, https:\/\/abortion-policies.srhr.org\/documents\/countries\/05-BANGLADESH-NATIONAL-MENSTRUAL-REGULATION-SERVICES-GUIDELINES.pdf"},{"key":"bibr14-17455065211047772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.12356"},{"key":"bibr15-17455065211047772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1363\/43e2417"},{"key":"bibr16-17455065211047772","unstructured":"Guttmacher Institute. Menstrual regulation and unsafe abortion in Bangladesh. Factsheet, https:\/\/www.guttmacher.org\/sites\/default\/files\/factsheet\/menstrual-regulation-unsafe-abortion-bangladesh.pdf"},{"key":"bibr17-17455065211047772","volume-title":"Qualitative methods for health research","author":"Green J","year":"2009","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr18-17455065211047772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"bibr19-17455065211047772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2013.767930"},{"key":"bibr20-17455065211047772","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (WHO). WHO guidelines: use of cryotherapy for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, 2011, https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/44776\/9789241502856_eng.pdf?sequence=1"},{"key":"bibr21-17455065211047772","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (WHO). WHO guidelines for screening and treatment of precancerous lesions for cervical cancer prevention, 2013, https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/94830\/9789241548694_eng.pdf?sequence=1"},{"key":"bibr22-17455065211047772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.17.2173"},{"key":"bibr23-17455065211047772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000488"},{"key":"bibr24-17455065211047772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182249"},{"key":"bibr25-17455065211047772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1363\/intsexrephea.41.4.0182"},{"key":"bibr26-17455065211047772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2017.11.006"},{"key":"bibr27-17455065211047772","first-page":"E393","volume":"131","author":"Reiss K","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"bibr28-17455065211047772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-017-0574-8"}],"container-title":["Women's Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/17455065211047772","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/17455065211047772","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/17455065211047772","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T08:32:06Z","timestamp":1777710726000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/17455065211047772"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":28,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/17455065211047772"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17455065211047772","relation":{},"ISSN":["1745-5057","1745-5065"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1745-5057","type":"print"},{"value":"1745-5065","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"article-number":"17455065211047772"}}