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The most influential theoretical frameworks in affective neuroscience focus largely on univalenced states. As a result, it is not known whether ambivalent affect corresponds to a simultaneously positive and negative valenced state or whether it results from a rapid vacillation between positive and negative states. Here we hypothesize that ambivalent affect involves both mechanisms, that is, rapid vacillation and simultaneity of positive and negative affect, albeit at different neurobiological levels. Rapidly vacillating univalent emotions could give rise to an ambivalent feeling, a mechanism that depends on brainstem nuclei that facilitate rapid action programs of emotional behavior while inhibiting opposing behaviors. This reciprocal inhibition prevents organisms from simultaneously implementing responses to conflicting emotions but also allows for rapid switching between emotions triggered by counterfactual thinking and rapid reappraisal of situations. We propose that as these transitions occur and respective interoceptive information reaches the insular cortex, further processing of this \u201cemotional moment\u201d would allow separate emotional events to be experienced as one \u201cmixed\u201d and integrated feeling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691620927708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,6]],"date-time":"2020-08-06T12:21:52Z","timestamp":1596716512000},"page":"1187-1199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Bittersweet: The Neuroscience of Ambivalent Affect"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0062-9303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony G.","family":"Vaccaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Creativity Institute, Dornsife College of Letters Arts and Sciences, University of Southern 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