{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:48:59Z","timestamp":1790747339563,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]],"date-time":"2024-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]],"date-time":"2024-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707782400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019\/34\/H\/HS6\/00597"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/34\/H\/HS6\/00597"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00d3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["301298\/2018-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["301298\/2018-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003549","name":"Hungarian Scientific Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K-111 789"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K-111 789"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003549","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016022","name":"Data Center of Management Science, National Natural Science Foundation of China \u2013 Peking University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["71873133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71873133"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016022","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grantov\u00e1 Agentura c\u02c7esk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20-08583S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-08583S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Roma Tre under biannual","award":["Grant DSF 2017-2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant DSF 2017-2018"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["LX22NPO5101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LX22NPO5101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Perspect Psychol Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Psychological science tends to treat subjective well-being and happiness synonymously. We start from the assumption that subjective well-being is more than being happy to ask the fundamental question: What is the\n                    <jats:italic>ideal<\/jats:italic>\n                    level of happiness? From a cross-cultural perspective, we propose that the idealization of attaining maximum levels of happiness may be especially characteristic of Western, educated, industrial, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) societies but less so for others. Searching for an explanation for why \u201chappiness maximization\u201d might have emerged in these societies, we turn to studies linking cultures to their eco-environmental habitat. We discuss the premise that WEIRD cultures emerged in an exceptionally benign ecological habitat (i.e., faced relatively light existential pressures compared with other regions). We review the influence of the Gulf Stream on the Northwestern European climate as a source of these comparatively benign geographical conditions. We propose that the ecological conditions in which WEIRD societies emerged afforded them a basis to endorse happiness as a value and to idealize attaining its maximum level. To provide a nomological network for happiness maximization, we also studied some of its potential side effects, namely alcohol and drug consumption and abuse and the prevalence of mania. To evaluate our hypothesis, we reanalyze data from two large-scale studies on ideal levels of personal life satisfaction\u2014the most common operationalization of happiness in psychology\u2014involving respondents from 61 countries. We conclude that societies whose members seek to maximize happiness tend to be characterized as WEIRD, and generalizing this across societies can prove problematic if adopted at the ideological and policy level.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/17456916231208367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]],"date-time":"2024-02-13T16:55:13Z","timestamp":1707843313000},"page":"874-902","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Happiness Maximization Is a WEIRD Way of Living"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0365-423X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuba","family":"Krys","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Kostoula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, Johannes Kepler University Linz"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9724-0603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wijnand A. 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